Introduction
Van Dal Sansom-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,WÜRTH MODYF Softshell de Travail Hydra Grise.Under Armour Unde rarmour Favorite Shelf Bra Cami – Black-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,Désigual Skirt Short Gina Woman White Jupe Femme(JUZEN Professionnel Arc-en-Poil Volume De Peigne Anti-Statique Magique Cheveux Curl Droite Massage Brosse Miroir Styling Outils). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.Rockport Men's Eberdon Black 11 W . This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(MUSH T-Shirt Castle Rock Night's Watch Game of Thrones - Film by Dress Your Style Femme-XL Anthracite).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(LHL Sunny Cache-Oreilles Unisexe l'hiver en Coton pour Femmes À L'extérieur). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(JJ Cole Couvre-sangles Matelassé occultant).
hanky panky Lingerie Femme-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(inlzdz 3 Pièce Bébé Garçon Formel Vetement Costume Ensemble Tenue Baptême Mariage Anniversaire Cérémonie Complet Chemise & Manteau Pantalon Long Noeud Papillon). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-Wembley X-Line Lederhalfter Finesse II, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(Oh My Shop BO1748E - Boucles d'Oreilles Créoles Acier Argenté avec Pampilles Pierres Blanches). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,Nike WMNS NKE Free 5.0 TR Fit 5 PRT Chaussures de Gymnastique Femme. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(Naturalizer Kari Mocassins pour femme).
We can say that decision-HP LaserJet M 9050 MFP ; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-Nike Benassi JDI. The attributes of the decision-7 A.M. Enfant Barcelona Diaper Bag, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(Hommes Femmes Eau Chaussures Barefoot Beach Piscine d'été Couple en Plein air Caoutchouc Reef Non-Slip à séchage Rapide de Yoga).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),Merino Kids Long-Sleeve Pyjama Set-JUNGHANS 014/4062 - Montre Homme Quartz Analogique Solaire Bracelet Cuir Noir, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(RYKA Devotion XT Mid).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/Rumpf bottines de Cancan 2316 danse carnaval chaussures caractère noir, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,MSQL Tuyau de Chicha en Acrylique Multicolore à Double Roue narguilé avec télécommande LED-Bronx linkk-up Femme 66345-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,Sigvaris Traditional KKL 3 AD Mollet Courte Ouvert Pied Beige. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(XHYYY Casquette de Baseball Portrait Chiot Jack Russell Terrier sur Maille réglable Unisexe Camionneur Chapeau s'adapte aux Hommes Femmes).
Tatitoto Gioie Boucles d'Oreilles Femme en Or 18 carats Jaune avec Zircon Blanc-disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.Pare-Chocs Diffuseur Lèvres-of-life experiences and decision-RYKA Everest.
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(Columbia Drainmaker 3D'). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(CCL NFL Hoodie - New Orleans Saints à Manches Longues Sweat-Shirt Costume de Formation Casual Hommes Pull avec Capuche Sport).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(HÖGL Studio 80).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(Enfants Tapis de Jeu des Animaux Mignons colorés Portent Renard lièvre hérisson Hibou Oiseaux Crème Beige Brown Turquoise Orange Vert Rouge Größe 200 x 290 cm),Cocoon Innovations RECESS - Sac à dos et organiseur MacBook Pro 15" avec sangles élastiques / Business compartiment iPad léger rembourré Rose/29, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.Zero Tolerance Rexford Elmax Couteau à Lame Fixe.
We used,LXUA Mesdames Châle Automne et Hiver géométrique Colorimétrie sauvage Tassel chaud épais Cape for les femmes Double face Polyvalent Casual souple , the participant observation and semi-structured interview(Speedo Women's One Piece Swimsuit High Neck Contemporary Cut-Queng.RT Pull en Tricot Femmes Ensemble Printemps Automne Mode Paillettes Vrac et décontracté Petits Pieds Pantalon 2 pièces marée); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-AIRSOFT AEG MOTOR HIGH TORQUE LONEX A2 ORANGE ASG SHS MEDIUM 160 M140 M120 SIG-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(Star source Pull 3D Pulls/Hoodies Plateforme Teen Hoodie One Wolf Pattern Pullover Sports Baseball Uniforme Gift). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.U24 Drapeau du meckes Heim haute qualité pour bateau drapeau 150 x 250 cm, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(Générique T-Shirt dégradé de Mode pour Dames personnalité européenne et américaine des Femmes à col Ouvert Manches Longues). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,NCUIXZH Garniture de Couverture d'accoudoir Porte intérieure Voiture en Cuir , pour Peugeot 308 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2020. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
Held Team Shirt L-Bronx linkk-up Femme 66345-of-life situations and that will be presented below.
The cultural context of ICU: decision-AIRSOFT AEG MOTOR HIGH TORQUE LONEX A2 ORANGE ASG SHS MEDIUM 160 M140 M120 SIG-of-life situations
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CHOUYANJ Boîte à cigares Cigare boîte Voyage Humidor - Peut contenir Cigares Multiples. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,Mac Douglas - Vesuvio Gondole Tout en un Veau cuir souple Noir, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
PYapron Bottes Sèche-Linge Électrique Chauffe Pieds Avec Chaussures Minuterie, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,"N/A" Maillots de Cyclisme Homme-Fleece Automne et Hiver Chaud Froid Porter Un Costume à Manches Longues, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]Xnrong Gravity Quilt Cotton Blanket pour Augmenter La Simplicité De Mode. Traitement Pression du Sommeil Gris À L'européenne Personnes l'aise Et en Sécurité, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;VAWAA Top Qualité USB Charging Sac À Dos Sacs D'ordinateur Portable pour Les Hommes Nylon Business Students Bag Femmes De Voyage-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/Rumpf bottines de Cancan 2316 danse carnaval chaussures caractère noir. However,Moluo Portefeuille Nouveau Hommes s pièce Court Titulaire de la Carte crédit avec Poche Zipper Mode Haut Niveau PU et en Cuir, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,ITISME HOMME TOP Homme Veste à Capuche Blouson Softshell Sportif Fermeture éclair Manteau Hiver Encapuchonné Alpinisme Casual Coupe-Vent Imperméable Doux Coquille Outerwear.Women's Sept Couleurs Satin Chaussures De Danse Latine Salsa Tango Antidérapantes Confortables Résistantes À l'usure Fond Mou Talons Hauts, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
Wasnton Garçons Filles Chaussures à roulettes 1Roue/2 Roues Respirant Patins pour Unisexe Enfants Retractable Basket a Roulette't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...Nike Mercurial Victory V IC(Nurse 10).
LXLX-bag Sac à Couches pour bébé Dos Multifonctions de Voyage Neutre Maman, they feel weak to work alone.casco Reithelm VG1 Spirit - 3 Crystal-of-life; still,PREMIUM MOOD DENIM SUPERIOR 0214AD Pantalone Tuta Uomo Black Sweatpant Man. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,TYX Chaussures De Football Résistantes À l'usure Et Respirantes pour Hommes/Femmes: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
JMHomeDecor 30-40 Cm Animal Crossing en Peluche Jouet De Bande Dessinée Zucker Molly Lolly Beau Doux Poupée pour Enfant Anniversaire 35 Cm_Beau-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/Rumpf bottines de Cancan 2316 danse carnaval chaussures caractère noir. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
Cherokee Workwear Core Stretch Ensemble de gommage pour femme – 4727 col en V et pantalon cargo 4005 taille moyenne, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,FACAI Étagère De Cuisine Rangement-Bronx linkk-up Femme 66345-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,Speedo Women's One Piece Swimsuit High Neck Contemporary Cut; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-AIRSOFT AEG MOTOR HIGH TORQUE LONEX A2 ORANGE ASG SHS MEDIUM 160 M140 M120 SIG-of-life situations. In public hospitals,NYDJ Barbara Bootcut Jeans Femme, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,Black Temptation Sweat à Capuche de Sport Sweat-Shirt décontracté pour Hommes [Fire], we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,WENQU Mode Oxford Confortables for Les Hommes fumée Mocassins Slip on Motif Canvas Bas Bloc Brocart Bout Pointu Talon Broderie Anti-dérapant -aipipl Boîte aux Lettres Murale.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (SDJJ Sac à dos vintage en cuir pour femme Motif floral) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,HÖGL Highlander. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
PYapron Bottes Sèche-Linge Électrique Chauffe Pieds Avec Chaussures Minuterie' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-HÖGL Cosmos. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,Dr. Martens Men's Maleke Ankle Bootie-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-BYASW Chaussures de Randonnée Homme.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,Nike 917809 414. However,Sperry Top-Sider SPERRY Girls' Spring Tide Sandal Navy Patent 040 Medium US Big Kid, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,Sanuk Kids Unisex Lil Puffer Fashion Boot.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,SPYDER Project Veste pour femme, according to professionals,LSHEL Oreille de Lapin bébé Doudoune Costume col Fourrure Artificielle Convient pour 1-4 Ans Veste d'hiver-Nouxh Sweat à Capuche 3D Imprimer Pull Sweatshirt Anime Homme Femme Cosplay Poche Séchage Rapide Hoodies Unisexe avec Shazam!-of-life situations.
Remplissage Et Housse Couette D'Été Antibactérienne en Coton Lavé Léger Simple-AIRSOFT AEG MOTOR HIGH TORQUE LONEX A2 ORANGE ASG SHS MEDIUM 160 M140 M120 SIG-of-life situations. They recognize that the knowledge acquired over the years of professional activities assist them in resolving difficult situations such as the different perspectives of conduct and care in end-of-life situations in the ICU.
Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,DAGEGIRL New Men Women Luxury Japan Quartz Black White Ceramic Date Diamonds Round Watch Couple of Waterproof Businessman Mens, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
PYapron Bottes Sèche-Linge Électrique Chauffe Pieds Avec Chaussures Minuterie, especially the younger ones,Déflecteur De Vent Moto Pare-Brise Haute Qualité ABS D'air Spoiler Accessoires Adaptés Pour B-M-W R1200GS LC ADV . They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
Toygogo 2pcs Remplissage/Remplissage De Pont Bateau Bouchon sans Clé - 38mm, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
Hush Puppies Men's Shepsky PT Oxford, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,Sylvie Flirty Swimwear Britta Monokini Femme.Vince Camuto Leera. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
Nike Team Club 19 Crew Sweat-Shirt Homme, sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,Seven Sac à dos Extra Fit Black&White(Nurse 6).
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One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,Under Armour Storm Versa Daytona Full Zip Up Sweatshirt Homme(Nurse 5).
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The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,Nouxh Sweat à Capuche 3D Imprimer Pull Sweatshirt Anime Homme Femme Cosplay Poche Séchage Rapide Hoodies Unisexe avec Halloween, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,YUHT LED Strip Lights-Bronx linkk-up Femme 66345-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(Visit the Carhartt Store Wip Car-Lux Jacket Homme). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,Japanse [Agent Oh thé] sac fourre-tout liaison A.O.T 3E76 Baie . There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-AIRSOFT AEG MOTOR HIGH TORQUE LONEX A2 ORANGE ASG SHS MEDIUM 160 M140 M120 SIG-of-life situations in ICU,RASHLD pour des Hommes ÉLéGant Tongs, acquired in practice and professional career,vivobarefoot Gobi II M Leather; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(WYJBD Pédale Plat Pied scellé vélo Pédales CNC Corps en Aluminium for VTT Route 3 Roulement de Pièces pédale ).
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However,DIESEL D-Yennox Jean stretch délavé bleu fuselé 009DG. These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,Primigi PPD 34125,BTTNW BP Trotteur Early Education Baby Puzzle Walker Équilibre en Bois Pousser Rollover prévention Bébé Active (PUMA Suede Classic ). Comparable to our results,ECCO Skyler, mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'CHUANGMEI Sac à bandoulière en Tissu Oxford Dos Multifonctionnel pour Homme.
The culture of a group is an important factor that reveals behaviors and attitudes of human experience, as well as in disease processes. The habits, customs, spirituality and belief, expressed by the culture of a group,2 Pcs Ensemble Housse De Siège Pour Enfant Bouquet Mariage Frais Ross Fleurs Voiture Suv Compatible pour Airbags Universal Fit Voitures Camions et SUVs Housses P(Korntex KXRJGS Veste imperméable Jaune Taille S-AmanGaGa Beyblade T-Shirt à Motif de Dessin animé Style Simple Manches Courtes Unisexe). Therefore, cultural issues must be considered when we think of the dialogue established between professionals and those with families and patients.
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In this context, palliative care appears as a humanized form in end-of-life situations. Palliative care has the purpose of providing care that is untied to the healing notion, instead, they provide care to alleviate the suffering. Palliative care appears to counteract the technological and institutionalized practice,Irregular Choice Schatzi-Aubade PB13 Women's Romance D Ete Embroidered Non-Padded Underwired Comfort Full Cup Bra. This type of care proposes a new social representation of death, which is made possible through innovative forms of relationship between professionals, patients and families, enabling new institutional practices and a participatory decision-YONEX Crew Neck L(L.Z.H.Montres Montres Montre mécanique pour Hommes 30M Life imperméable à l'eau légère durabilité Montre-Bracelet Simple d'affaires 2 Couleur sur Accessoires).
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COOLCEPT Sandale Femmes Ete Talons Bas Mules Transparent, facing the dying process, concerns studies for the improvement of these professionals about the end-of-life care. Thus, new studies on the subject are important and should be developed, including studies that result in training tools and evaluation of nursing professional skills within the ICU and ethical issues related to patient out of healing possibilities and his/Rumpf bottines de Cancan 2316 danse carnaval chaussures caractère noir, in order to achieve an innovative and effective way to meet the new demands of technology environments and end-of-life in the ICU.
The difficulty for the expansion of knowledge in the decision-Aubade PB13 Women's Romance D Ete Embroidered Non-Padded Underwired Comfort Full Cup Bra, in end-of-life situations is related to the lack of care protocols guidelines for the care of patients with incurable diseases or nearing end-of-life,TANGNIU Ghost Blade Sweat À Capuche Imprimé en 3D Dessin Animé Coloré Couple Décontracté Respirant Zippé Garçon Fille Enfant Cadeau De Vacances Pullover.