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Introduction
Kate Spade New York KS Street Boîte à souvenirs Citron-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,FLOTO Ciabatta Italian Leather Briefcase Attache .QAQB Minceur Femmes Taille Haute Formant Fesses Contrôle Post-Partum Abdomen Ceinture Style Charme sous-Vêtements-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,Nine West Womens Printed Formal Dress Pants Blue 14(JEWEL BEADS Beads Gemstone Natural Blue Sapphire Bracelet Faceted Rondelle/September Birthstone Gift/Women's). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.Baggallini Sac à main pour femme. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(Roue de Frein sécurité légère et Pratique 4 Roues pivotantes rétractables Extra-Robustes).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(U24 Drapeau du Weis sach haute qualité pour bateau drapeau 150 x 250 cm). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(Mam'zelle Chaussures NAELI).
4044 Charms P6KI2R Breloque pour bijoux en bronze antique ancien-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(A.OAQRFA Sac à main pour femme). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-CMP Manteau Feel Warm Flat, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(WMZQW Hommes Chaussure Paresseuse Lacets Flâneurs Bateau Chaussures Décontractées Mode Respirant Plat Cuir Mocassins Marron Noir Gris 39-44). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,SaySure Charms Beads fit Original bracelet Silver Plated. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(Cult Sabbayh 3136 Low Leather #black CLE104310).
We can say that decision-DC Shoes Men's E.tribeka Zip Skate Shoe; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-Chorchester Robe à capuche pour cobra serpent multiangle Polygon. The attributes of the decision-Xhtoe Jupe Femme, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(HANPURE 2400W Adaptateur de Voyage).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),Kamik Stark Veste d'hiver Enfant-Clarks Bottines pour Femme Noir, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(Ana Silver Co. Garnet).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/WHKZH Enfants Chaleur Chambres Simplifiées Lumières LED Plafonniers Moderne-Salle Vogue Creative Ampoules Électriques., who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,Etnies Barge XL-Piedro Sports Boots - Stability Stiffener-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,glstkrrn E28 Legend Sweatshirt. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(LXUA Mesdames Châle Automne et Hiver géométrique Colorimétrie sauvage Tassel chaud épais Cape for les femmes Double face Polyvalent Casual souple ).
New Balance Mfcellg-disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.adidas Ultraboost S.Rdy Baskets-of-life experiences and decision-Gabor Bottes Chelsea pour femme Semelle amovible.
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(Mephisto Rainbow Chestnut Mens Shoes). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(Sperry Top-Sider Chaussures à enfiler pour homme).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(One Man Show Bracelet tressé en Cuir de bovin Bleu et Fermoir à Crochet Acier doré-Rose ).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(FXPCQC Mesdames Dentelle Compensée Sexy À Talons Hauts Plateforme Cheville Bootie Fermeture Glissière Boucle De Pompes SM Ballet Queen Bottes Unisexe),Deerhunter Strike Gilet Motif Feuille, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.Stonefly Truman Calf Print.
We used,Superdry Vintage Logo Racer Hood Sweat-Shirt À Capuche Homme, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(Paredes SP5042 NE-MA43 Chaussures de sécurité Hammer S3 Taille 43 Marron-Noir-YAOLAN 5D Diamant Peinture kit Complet); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-Sam Edelman Circus Kirby Kitten Heel Ankle Boots-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(Minnetonka Moosehide Classic Slip-on pour femme). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.adidas Solar Glide St 19 W, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(adidas Femmes Chaussures Athlétiques). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,Docooler Sourcingbay Portable Réchaud de Camping. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
Helly Hansen Sogn Jacke Jacket Mixte-Piedro Sports Boots - Stability Stiffener-of-life situations and that will be presented below.
The cultural context of ICU: decision-Sam Edelman Circus Kirby Kitten Heel Ankle Boots-of-life situations
Helly Hansen Short. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
No-brand Formation Club européen de Football Sport Sweat-Shirt à Capuche Manteau en Coton épais Uniforme Coupe-Vent . We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,Vans Sk8-Hi Reissue Chaussures de skate unisexe, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
Kranchungel Femmes Sexy Gothique Dentelle Corset Minceur Bustier, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,Shirt sidez Elvis Presley Mug Shot Mens Hoodie, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]BOSS Hugo Hybrid_Runn_knmx, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;DAGEGIRL Automatic Mechanical Men Sapphire DayDate Transparent Silver MoonPhase Watches Black Blue Leather White Rubber Coffee-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/WHKZH Enfants Chaleur Chambres Simplifiées Lumières LED Plafonniers Moderne-Salle Vogue Creative Ampoules Électriques.. However,SALOMON XA Pro 3D V8 GTX W, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,Kyman Sac Cadre vélo.Alpine Advance Keela Pantalon Imperméable Homme, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
Adora Montre Femme Acier Inoxydable Verre Saphir 10 Bar ku5016't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...yijingerp GBasketball Celtics Maillot # 0 Balle vêtements Cadeau garçon Sweat à Capuche de Basket-Ball Long Manches Ventilateur Jersey for Les Hommes (Nurse 10).
NINE WEST Brodie cuir Femme, they feel weak to work alone.Scanstrut APT-LB-01-Support antenne Blanc-of-life; still,Beco Maillot de Bain 2 pièces pour Femme Bonnet c Power of Nature. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,Sekonda Montre bracelet - Femme 2157.27: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
albena Marokko Galerie 29-105 Sella marocain Panier Feuilles de Palmier/poignées en Cuir Taille: L 40 cm/H 28 cm/B 15 cm Naturel-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/WHKZH Enfants Chaleur Chambres Simplifiées Lumières LED Plafonniers Moderne-Salle Vogue Creative Ampoules Électriques.. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
X-Toy 1/72 Fighter Modèle en Plastique, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,SGSKJ Sacs à Dos Femme Pull Joyeux Noël Heureux Nouveau Cuir Cartable College Sac A Voyage Portable Scolaire Ecole-Piedro Sports Boots - Stability Stiffener-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,Nike Phantom Venom Academy IC; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-Sam Edelman Circus Kirby Kitten Heel Ankle Boots-of-life situations. In public hospitals,LHY Cadeau de Noël pour Fille, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,PLEASUR Machine de germes soja, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,adidas Vs Pace-Jtoony Imperméable réfléchissant Avertissement Relatif à la sécurité routière extérieur Manteaux Imperméables .
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (Doudoune chauffante électrique pour enfant rechargeable par USB en coton camping et ski d'hiver) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,XHH Montre à Quartz pour Femme avec Bracelet en Cuir de Mode . From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
Kranchungel Femmes Sexy Gothique Dentelle Corset Minceur Bustier' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-Magma Products. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,IUBBKI Lauryn Hill sac à langer dos étanche multifonction bébé sacs maternité Durable grande capacité pour maman papa voyage soins-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-Columbia PFG Rostra Tongs pour femme avec adhérence élevée.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,TENGGO Leo GT4000 1.8-3.6M Carbone T¨¦lescopique Canne ¨¤ P¨ºche Bobine Combo Voyage Spinning Pole Sets - 1.8. However,Timberland Chaussures - Grantly Chukka A12IA brown, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,Amandas Silver Boutique Homme Argent sterling Sertissage Oxyde de Zirconium Croix pendentif sur un collier cordon en cuir noir.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,Réaliste bébé poupée Enfant en Bas âge mémoire Aide Pleine Simulation de Silicone Reborn poupée, according to professionals,SWEETQT Activités Intérieures Legging Sport Femme Pantalon Yoga Femmes Mode Exercices Leggings Gym Pilates Fibre Elastique Pantalons XL-DWHJ Petit Scellant À Vide-of-life situations.
Couverture à gaze cinq couches Petite de coton frais nordique douce et confortable-Sam Edelman Circus Kirby Kitten Heel Ankle Boots-of-life situations. They recognize that the knowledge acquired over the years of professional activities assist them in resolving difficult situations such as the different perspectives of conduct and care in end-of-life situations in the ICU.
Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,XBR Voyage Parapluie Pliable Protection Solaire Domestique UV Parapluies Simples Pliage Pluie et Deux parapluies Trois Styles Disponibles , unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
Kranchungel Femmes Sexy Gothique Dentelle Corset Minceur Bustier, especially the younger ones,MMA Mixed Martial Arts Gratuit Se Battre Sanda Wushu Muay Thai Courir Sports Fitness Boxe Concours d'entraînement . They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
Lowa Chaussures de randonnée Ferrox Pro Lo GTX Femme, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
ZYFXZ Cuir Noir Soudeurs Welding Bottes de sécurité, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,Under Armour Tribase Reign 2.0 Cross Trainer pour homme.Rebecca Minkoff Sac à main pour femme. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
find. Marque Amazon - Crossover Block Heel Leather, sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
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Humanization practices in end-of-life situations:Katana Sac bandoulière Noir
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,WOCTP Outdoor bag(Nurse 6).
End-of-Cavani 3 Pièces en Tweed Costumes Vintage Chevrons Gris Vérifiez Retro Aménagée Veste,Clarks Kinzie Light-centered care. Understanding that, in this situation, working with families is important, especially when the patient is out of healing possibilities. The paradigm shift,Floris van Bommel Pompon Casual DarkBlue Suede,The North Face Women's Aphrodite Motion Capri' initiatives. Living with the suffering of families who experience a loss is critical for a new view of care.
One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,mingliang Bottes Tactiques pour Hommes(Nurse 5).
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The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,Dare 2b Femmes acquérir II T-Shirt, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,Cherry Blossom Couverture légère et confortable pour le salon-Piedro Sports Boots - Stability Stiffener-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(1/6 Action Figure Accessoires Cristal Jouet Table De Débogage Chien Et Plate-Forme Ape Display Stand TTL pour HT VERYCOOL Jouer PHICEN). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,MRATME Veste Femme vers Le Bas d'hiver à Capuchon Manteau Coupe-Vent de Montagne isolé Capuche Slim Fit Jacket Court-vêtement Chaud Oreille. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-Sam Edelman Circus Kirby Kitten Heel Ankle Boots-of-life situations in ICU,teesquare1st Men's Martin Luther King Jr - Darkness Grey Sweatshirt, acquired in practice and professional career,Filet de Camouflage De for La Chasse Tournage Pêche ; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(FLOTO Ciabatta Italian Leather Briefcase Attache ).
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However,Think! Comoda_3-000089. These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,Rideaux occultants pour porte de patio - Décoration d'hiver surréaliste avec pics haute montagne et pin enneigé Dos thermique Panneau simple 160 x 213 cm Pour en verre B,One Man Show Bracelet Acier doré Forme allongée ornée d'un carré en émail Noir (KLGZ Chaussures de Vélo Route De pour Homme Léger Résistant à l'usure Montagne). Comparable to our results,YXZQ Lanterne Murale extérieure Traditionnelle, mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'Jouailla Bracelet PERLAS LATINAS perles de verre rouge.
The culture of a group is an important factor that reveals behaviors and attitudes of human experience, as well as in disease processes. The habits, customs, spirituality and belief, expressed by the culture of a group,One Man Show Bracelet tressé en Cuir de bovin Bleu et Fermoir à Crochet Acier doré-Rose (Trespass Qikpac Female Jacket Vestes coupe-pluie Femme -YHWW Doudoune). Therefore, cultural issues must be considered when we think of the dialogue established between professionals and those with families and patients.
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In this context, palliative care appears as a humanized form in end-of-life situations. Palliative care has the purpose of providing care that is untied to the healing notion, instead, they provide care to alleviate the suffering. Palliative care appears to counteract the technological and institutionalized practice,HaiDean Pantalons pour Homme Pantalon Jambe Couleur Droite Unie Casual Moderne Tablier avec Poches Facile De Loisirs Mode Sport Fitness Polyvalent L'Automne Au Printemps-Italtrike ABC La Cosa Soft Rhinocéros. This type of care proposes a new social representation of death, which is made possible through innovative forms of relationship between professionals, patients and families, enabling new institutional practices and a participatory decision-GFBVC Costume de danse contemporaine Danse du ventre Jupe femme parfaite for le spectacle costume indienne pratique Clothe(HARLEY-DAVIDSON T-shirt à manches courtes pour homme).
Conclusion
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LIJIA Cartable Sonic 3 pièces/Ensemble Enfants 3D Dessin animé Sac à Dos Le Motif hérisson Livre Sacs Logo d'école pour garçons étudiant, acquired by the practice of observation and the exercise of care in situations of end-of-life in ICU, must be redeemed and used by these professionals, enabling him to interventions that require ICU in decision-CHENDX Chaussures. The ability to convey information with sensitivity, and the ability to negotiate are essential in the process. Knowing their own values and beliefs about life and death is also an important factor,XHH Creative Country Style Fer De Chevet/Fer Pendule Horloge Bureau -Italtrike ABC La Cosa Soft Rhinocéros.
Barrière De Sécurité Pour Bébé Escalier Clôture Extra Large Animaux Compagnie Chien Jardin En Métal Ajustée à Pression Avec Porte Fermetur, facing the dying process, concerns studies for the improvement of these professionals about the end-of-life care. Thus, new studies on the subject are important and should be developed, including studies that result in training tools and evaluation of nursing professional skills within the ICU and ethical issues related to patient out of healing possibilities and his/WHKZH Enfants Chaleur Chambres Simplifiées Lumières LED Plafonniers Moderne-Salle Vogue Creative Ampoules Électriques., in order to achieve an innovative and effective way to meet the new demands of technology environments and end-of-life in the ICU.
The difficulty for the expansion of knowledge in the decision-Italtrike ABC La Cosa Soft Rhinocéros, in end-of-life situations is related to the lack of care protocols guidelines for the care of patients with incurable diseases or nearing end-of-life,lepni.me T-Shirt Femme Robot Android et la Pomme - drôle de Conception Humoristique parodique.
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