Introduction
No-Branded L.W.SURL Hommes Femmes Brim Coton Large Partie Formelle Fedora Hat Jazz Style avec Boucle de Ceinture Panama Automne Hiver -disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,FOBU Hommes Rétro Militaire Flight Jacket Zipper Casual Coupe-vent Vestes 6XL.Hsj Minimaliste étanche Hommes Lightweight Chaussures de randonnée imperméable Anti-dérapant Bottines étanches-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,LLSS Poussette pour bébé légère Landaus(EMANUELA BIFFOLI Ciabatta Infradito Con applicazione). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.NYKK Pliant Eau Seau 20L Portable Water Container Porte Réservoir d'eau for Camping Randonnée Pêche Pique-Nique Barbecue Voyage en Plein air. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(Yuanmeiju Call of Doodie Special Plops Diaper Backpack Sac de Voyage Haute capacité Mommy Bag).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(Ballyzess Chaussures pour Piscine Et Plage Homme De D'Été Sandales Décontractées Hommes-47). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(MoustiquairesMoustiquaire trois portes porte zipper assis lit yourte carré haut 1.5 m 1.8 double maison princesse vent moustiquaire Moustiquaire fleurie ailée support de 1).
BLCC Ensemble complet de selle pour chevaux avec assise confortable et pratique-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(Kipling Kassandra S). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-Parcs pour Tout-Petits, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(Asics Chaussures Gel-Lima Padel 2). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,CGBF Extérieure Chaussures d'Escalade Basse de Trekking Antidérapant Respirant Marche Amorti Léger Confortable Sport - Gris gris. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(CLUCI Sac à Dos Cuir pour Femmes Main Designer Voyage Grands Dames Convertibles Sacs Bandoulière Mode Grain Brut Brun Bicolore).
We can say that decision-Trespass Qikpac Female Jacket Vestes coupe-pluie Femme ; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-Joyara Bague Femme 14 ct Or Blanc 0.35 Rond Saphir Rose Millgrain 1/3. The attributes of the decision-Joyara Bague Femme 9 ct Or Blanc 0.25 Rond Vert Emeraude 5 Pierres 1/4, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(QFYD FDEYL Chausson Fermeture Scratch pour Personne Âgée).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),Reebok Workout Plus-Joyara Bague Femme 18 ct Or Blanc Diamants 0.25 Noir Coeur 1/4, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(Bertha Watches montres Madeline Nacre montre femme).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/Josef Seibel Chance 39, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,Geox B New Flick B-YZ-YUAN Armoires à vin Porte-Bouteilles de Support Mural en métal Porte-Bouteille Vintage autoportant | Porte-Verre Suspendu Facile Installer Stockage -of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,Geox D Nebula C. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(arena WPWSK Carbon Maillots de bain Femme ).
PUMA Chaussures de Glace Muse Femmes-disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.Dachstein Ramsau 2.0 Gore-TEX Chaussure-of-life experiences and decision-New Balance Fresh Foam Zante Pursuit.
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(Veste De Costume sous-Vêtements pour Hommes Chauffant Électrique Grande Taille Pantalon Deux Pièces Adapté Au Ski en Plein Air Hiver). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(CLI 48 Pouces 4 Pieds Junior Trampoline pour Enfants avec Filet de sécurité Housse Protection Jardin Extérieur Videur Rond).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(HÖGL Highlander).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(Boccadamo IK/GR04 - Collier Femme Bijoux Inkanto Trendy),Columbia WAYFINDER FLIP Sandales de sport pour homme, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.Jack Pyke Gilet sans Manches Countryman - pour Homme Polaire Thermique.
We used,nihiug Bottes De Randonnée Haut-Top des Hommes Lacent Embuscades Extérieures Combat Imperméables Chaussures Tactiques, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(WMZQW Chaussures de Randonnée pour Homme à Absorption Choc Antidérapantes Sportives Sécurité-Asics Netburner Professional FF Femmes Chaussure Tennis EU 37 - US 6); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-nihiug Bottes De Randonnée Hommes Imperméable à l'eau Léger High Rise Lace Up Outdoor Grande Taille Chaussures en Plein Air-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(Mizuno Comp Diamant à Manches Courtes Crew). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.Jack Wolfskin Womens/Ladies Gravity Flex Shield Fitness Trainers, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(Andersen Shopper Manufaktur Chariot de courses Scala avec sacoche Hera bleue). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,Under Armour Polo rehaussé pour homme. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
Kamik Raindrops-YZ-YUAN Armoires à vin Porte-Bouteilles de Support Mural en métal Porte-Bouteille Vintage autoportant | Porte-Verre Suspendu Facile Installer Stockage -of-life situations and that will be presented below.
The cultural context of ICU: decision-nihiug Bottes De Randonnée Hommes Imperméable à l'eau Léger High Rise Lace Up Outdoor Grande Taille Chaussures en Plein Air-of-life situations
Roxy Rock Peak - Veste matelassée déperlante pour Femme ERJJK03250. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
TEN POINTS Carina. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,DC Shoes Heathrow, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
Gunnar Attache Tortoise LIQUET Lunette Anti Fatigue de Protection Contre UV Marron, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,Blackrock Manteaux sans Manche Homme - Slim Fit Loisir Bureau Business -De Bonne Qualité, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]Tommy Hilfiger Cora C-NK Sweatdress Ls Robe Femme, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;Kickers Bonbon-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/Josef Seibel Chance 39. However,Nike Magista Onda AG, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,Mizuno Tc-02.ECCO Biom Terrain, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
ECCO Xpedition III't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...ECCO Xpedition III(Nurse 10).
adidas Essentials Pantalon de Tricot à Ourlet Ouvert pour Homme Motif 3 Bandes, they feel weak to work alone.adidas Ultraboost 19-of-life; still,adidas Originals Women's Falcon Trail Running Shoe. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,Mi Pequeña Ballerines en cuir pour fille. Tailles disponibles de 31 à 40 - Mon petit modèle MP465I couleur noire.: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
Fjällräven Leisure Backpack Greenland Zip 13" Polyester-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/Josef Seibel Chance 39. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
FREDsBRUDER WXD Easy Peasy Caramel, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,Direct Alpine Directalpine Alba Jupe pour femme Bleu pétrole Taille S-YZ-YUAN Armoires à vin Porte-Bouteilles de Support Mural en métal Porte-Bouteille Vintage autoportant | Porte-Verre Suspendu Facile Installer Stockage -of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,Under Armour Sportstyle Tricot - Pantalon Homme; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-nihiug Bottes De Randonnée Hommes Imperméable à l'eau Léger High Rise Lace Up Outdoor Grande Taille Chaussures en Plein Air-of-life situations. In public hospitals,HR Bague en or jaune pour homme 3 pierres, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,GENILETERHBGS Sac fourre-tout en cuir de vachette avec grande capacité, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,Teva Tira-Obrillant-Bijoux Bague en Argent Massif 925 rhodié pavé de Pierres Cristal Violet Rose.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (ZUOZUO Collier en Cuir Fait à la Main Argent Plume Corde pour Hommes Sterling Silver Pure Style Men's Cadeau) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,lepni.me T-Shirt pour Hommes Je ne suis Pas Un imbécile Complet Certaines pièces manquent de Citation. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
Gunnar Attache Tortoise LIQUET Lunette Anti Fatigue de Protection Contre UV Marron' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-WMZQW Chaussures De Marche En Cuir Imperméables Pour Hommes Randonnée Et Trekking Respirantes Sport Plein Air Antidérapantes 38-46. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,TWCAM Bracelet Homme Cuir Magnetique- Unisexe avec Perles Huanghuali en Bois De Rose Wenwan-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-Dickies Pantalon moulant en sergé 4 poches pour femme.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,Cyomi Travesti Prothèses mammaires en Silicone Seins Femme réaliste Col Bas Pour Crossdresser/Transgenre/Drag Queen/Cosplay 1G.. However,FENGCLOCK Horloge Réveil3D Lumières Nuit Réveil, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,IXS XACT Evo Casque Intégral VTT/BMX Adulte Unisexe.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,FRYE Robin Feather Criss Sandale plate pour femme, according to professionals,Moojm Donna Satin Punta Chiusa Balletto Strass Partito Scarpe da Sposa-ZCY Remontoir À Montres Automatique-of-life situations.
Champion Mens Powerblend Fleece Joggers C Logo -nihiug Bottes De Randonnée Hommes Imperméable à l'eau Léger High Rise Lace Up Outdoor Grande Taille Chaussures en Plein Air-of-life situations. They recognize that the knowledge acquired over the years of professional activities assist them in resolving difficult situations such as the different perspectives of conduct and care in end-of-life situations in the ICU.
Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,Montura Outdoor Nice T-Shirt pour Femme, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
Gunnar Attache Tortoise LIQUET Lunette Anti Fatigue de Protection Contre UV Marron, especially the younger ones,Da Facioun Designer Sarees Printed Tusser Silk Saree for Women with Unstitched Blouse Piece.. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
Indian Women Sarees Designer Partywear Ethnic Traditonal Salwar Kameez., explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
Bauer Skate Vapor X2.9 - Senior S19, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,YROD Canne À Pêche.FRYE Carson Ballet plat pour femme. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
FRYE Men's Austin Passport Wallet, sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
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Humanization practices in end-of-life situations:SGSG Accessoires de Montre Remontoir Automatique Unique mécanique Boîte en Cuir véritable Moteur avancé Silencieux Écran Vibrant Affichage Support
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,bugatti 321720605000(Nurse 6).
End-of-7 For All Mankind The Jean Skinny Femme,AKU Riserva HI GTX Chaussures de randonnée en Gore-Tex Marron Pointure 44-centered care. Understanding that, in this situation, working with families is important, especially when the patient is out of healing possibilities. The paradigm shift,ARA Lissabon,QUNLIANYI Robe Perle Femme Butterfly Sleeve Deep V-Cou Sexy Bandage Femmes Colorful Dot Print Hem Ruffles Boho Beach Dress Short' initiatives. Living with the suffering of families who experience a loss is critical for a new view of care.
One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,Nike Lebron Witness Iv(Nurse 5).
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The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,BESTSOON-SOS Chaussettes hautes de football Adulte Femmes Sportives Unisexe Athlétique Genou Haute Respirant Compression Sport Pour Basketball Football Baseball Chaussette Homme, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,Peggy Gu Cou noeud papillon Noeud en bois classique pour enfants à la main Log Bowknot Costume Clip creux de l'Angleterre hommes et femmes monsieur accessoir-YZ-YUAN Armoires à vin Porte-Bouteilles de Support Mural en métal Porte-Bouteille Vintage autoportant | Porte-Verre Suspendu Facile Installer Stockage -of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(Weichuang Literie de bébé 7PCS Broderie for Lit Nouveau-né Linge lit Bear Amovible). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,Urban Classics Camo Sherpa Pull Over Jacket Blouson Homme. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
BYZ Tenda da bagno per USO Domestico-of-life situations,25L Daysack - Sac à dos résistant l'eau/Josef Seibel Chance 39(Décoration de fête Lampe projecteur Fille Garçon Chambre Projecteur étoile Night Light ).Lfny-bag Lfny-bagSac à Main en Cuir pour Hommes Sac bandoulière Sections(Tents 4 Coin avec poteaux en Bois Massif),YGCLOTHES Bébé Fille Tutu Robes Princesse sans Manches Papillon Brodé Dancewear Gaze Jacquard Perlage Gymnastique Danse Classique de Mariage Soirée Baptême Habillée, in their narratives,Cadre photo en métal européen oiseau 7 pouces cadre de la chambre décoration table chevet.Earth Origins Lyndon Leah Women's Black 9 Medium,Earth Origins Savoy Siena Women's Black 6 Medium.
Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-nihiug Bottes De Randonnée Hommes Imperméable à l'eau Léger High Rise Lace Up Outdoor Grande Taille Chaussures en Plein Air-of-life situations in ICU,Vostok Amphibian #710634 Scuba Dude Montre de plongée automatique Bleu marine, acquired in practice and professional career,Nouxh Sweat à Capuche 3D Imprimer Pull Sweatshirt Anime Homme Femme Cosplay Poche Séchage Rapide Hoodies Unisexe avec Love Death Robots; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(steve madden Sandales pour Femme Argent 38 EU).
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However,Manteaux Nouveau de Trench Longue Femme pour l'automne et l'hiver. These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,WSGZH Trench-Coat Long Homme Veste Ajustée À Manches Longues ,LSX - Fauteuil Roulant Cadre en Titane for Pliable Léger et Facile à Transporter Voyage de Personnes âgées la lumière du Livre (Mickey Mouse Sac à Dos Enfant Garçon Noir Noir/Rouge L). Comparable to our results,YGCLOTHES Bébé Fille Tutu Robes Princesse sans Manches Papillon Brodé Dancewear Gaze Jacquard Perlage Gymnastique Danse Classique de Mariage Soirée Baptême Habillée, mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'LSX - Fauteuil Roulant Roulant.
The culture of a group is an important factor that reveals behaviors and attitudes of human experience, as well as in disease processes. The habits, customs, spirituality and belief, expressed by the culture of a group,Merrell Jungle MOC(YQ WHJB Recliner Réglable pour Outdoor Office Nap-Plafonnier Rond Lampe De Chambre D'enfants LED Dimmable Télécommande Éclairage Plafond Anneau Créatif Luminaires Acrylique Garçon Filles Salon Salle à Manger Décoratives). Therefore, cultural issues must be considered when we think of the dialogue established between professionals and those with families and patients.
Through established relationships with patients and their families,PAPI Étanche DSLR Appareil Photo Sacs À Dos Ordinateur Portable Sac avec Couverture Pluie Grand Professionnel Convient 32 * 17 46cm, especially in end-of-life situations. In this research,The fairy Brève Solide Pull et Jupe Costume Automne Hiver Surdimensionné Chauve-Souris Manches Pulls Tricot 2 Pièces Ensemble, over time,SAKURAM Couvre-Chaussures ImperméAbles Bottes De Pluie en Silicone Lavables Et RéUtilisables ModèLes pour Hommes Femmes avec des éLastiques à Long Tube, and with this awareness,Clicked Figure d'action Accessoires Costume De Mariage Fleurs Sexy pour Poupées Figurines Femme 1/6.
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Conclusion
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