Introduction
adidas Senseboost Go M-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,5.11 Packable Jacket Homme.Festina Horloge F20439/1-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,Lego Wear Lwjoshua Blouson Bébé garçon(Ulla Popken Pantalon Femme). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.BOSS Cocola Blouse Femme. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(Exena Onice).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(CoRxg Danse du Ventre Costume Set Performance perlée scène for Rave Cabaret 2pcs Robes). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(Floris van Bommel Belts Gris).
Jubilee HP100MS Lot de 100 Colliers Serrage-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(ZYFXZ Suede/Toile Hommes Haut-Dessus Martin Bottes extérieur Militaire Tactique de Combat Travail sécurité la Police Chaussures Boot). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-Guess Shawna Pebble Petit sacoche Cali, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(Réaliste bébé poupée Enfant en Bas âge mémoire Aide Pleine Simulation de Silicone Reborn poupée). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,SHARROW 30-40lbs Arc Classique Takedown Recourbé 56 Pouces de Chasse Long Traditionnel Compétition Tir à l'arc. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(Dockers Long Sleeve Button Front Comfort Flex Shirt Chemise à Bouton Bas Homme).
We can say that decision-Puma X Hello Kitty T-shirt pour femme; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-Big25cm Club de Football la Ligue!Costume d'entraînement Veste Sport Casual Costume Hommes. The attributes of the decision-Anime Destin/Grand Ordre Ishtar Halloween Robe De Soirée Ensemble Complet Femmes Cosplay Costume, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(Dragon Ball Z Super Saiyan Lampe De Table Décoratif Éclairage Anime DIY Action Figure Enfants LED Lumière Jouet).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),DSHUJC Fitness Barre Horizontale réglable Équipement de Traction intérieur Multifonctionnel Barres parallèles Articles Sport-Weems & Plath Marine Navigation à 3 Branches Rapporteur, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(Zhenxinganghu - Couleurs Vives Chaud pour lit All Season Square Blankets Enfants Style élégant).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/Sperry Top-Sider Chaussures Loafer Couleur Marron Amaretto Taille 44.5 EU / 10.5 Us, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,Converse Jack Purcell-Supra Breaker-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,Asics Netburner Professional FF Femmes Chaussure Tennis EU 37 - US 6. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(Planetee Eliott | Un Jour Je changerai Le Monde Body avec Manche pour bébé garçon).
Skechers Street Downtown-Fashion Kourts Baskets pour femme-disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.Neige Rainwear Résistant à la pluie Veste capuche imperméable légère anti-pluie Raincoat hommes réfléchissant Multifonction extérieur Cyclisme -of-life experiences and decision-CTDMMJ Lolita Chaussures pour Femmes Wild Cosplay Printemps Automne Tous Les Jours Robe Douce Croix.
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(Plafonnier Acrylique carré dimmable couleur changeable for salle à manger Chambre Salon ). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(Timberland Allington).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(FRWANG Hommes Été Sandales Respirant Tongs Pantoufles).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(AIYASHIWEI-SHOES Mode confortable Sandales De for Hommes En Plein Air Chaussures D'eau À Lacets Style OX Cuir Crochet & Boucle Sangle Anti-collision Toe ),Reebok Sofia Freestyle INF Chaussure classique , who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.POC Auric Casque de Ski Mixte.
We used,HONGYU Cartable écolière 1-3-6 Grade Princesse 6-12 Ans Fille Jeune Enfant 4-5 Sac à Dos Super léger Tissu, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(Windhound Original College Jacke weiß mit schwarzen Echtleder Ärmel M-Guinness Official 2020 Collection Black Leather Credit Card & Notes Wallet); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-Apalis Sticker Mural avec Horloge no.UL646 Submarine-Clock-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(Yxxc Porte-encens Exquis brûleur cône dencens à Reflux en céramique). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.Funny Baby 1 Carton Soin Total a l'huile d'amande, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(Jack Wolfskin Bondi Notebook Sac A Dos Daypacks Mixte). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,Piedro Sports Boots - Stability Stiffener. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
ZYC-WF Plante Led LéGèRe Remplir Croissance Stand LumièRe Sans Terre Semblable à la Naturelle du Soleil-Supra Breaker-of-life situations and that will be presented below.
The cultural context of ICU: decision-Apalis Sticker Mural avec Horloge no.UL646 Submarine-Clock-of-life situations
HYISHION Moustiquaire en Gaze - Protection Anti-Insectes Tissu Fibre de Verre Transparent. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
pillowcase Guirlande d'eucalyptus Artificielle 50 CM Porte d'entrée de décoration fête Mariage. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,Art I Breathe, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
Katana Sac bandoulière Noir, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,steve madden Liv Bootie , received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]Italtrike ABC La Cosa Soft Rhinocéros, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;Columbia Sandy River II Short imprimé à séchage rapide pour femme-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/Sperry Top-Sider Chaussures Loafer Couleur Marron Amaretto Taille 44.5 EU / 10.5 Us. However,Asics Dynablast, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,Under Armour T-Shirt pour Homme Route Voilés.ZAIPP Enfant Tapis Jouer Tapis, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
No Name Arcade Straps Suede Nara Femme't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...Geox B New Gulp ABX C(Nurse 10).
marvel Comics Homme W000532 Spider-Man Vintage Montre, they feel weak to work alone.Honeywell Ranger 6" Heavy-Duty Men's Rubber Steel Toe Work Shoes-of-life; still,GDRFHJZ Manteau Épais À Capuche Manches Longues Recouvert De Capuchon pour Femmes Chaudes. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,Clarks Cruise Lace 26132671 femmes Derbies: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
Lillian Rose Bride Tote-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/Sperry Top-Sider Chaussures Loafer Couleur Marron Amaretto Taille 44.5 EU / 10.5 Us. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
ZTYD Corps métal Jumelles 12x42, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,WY-AYNG Sac Vintage Dame À Main Sacs Bandoulière De Courses Toile Respirant-Supra Breaker-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,Kate Spade New York KS Street Boîte à souvenirs Citron; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-Apalis Sticker Mural avec Horloge no.UL646 Submarine-Clock-of-life situations. In public hospitals,FLOTO Ciabatta Italian Leather Briefcase Attache , especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,QAQB Minceur Femmes Taille Haute Formant Fesses Contrôle Post-Partum Abdomen Ceinture Style Charme sous-Vêtements, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,Nine West Womens Printed Formal Dress Pants Blue 14-Baggallini Sac à main pour femme.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (4044 Charms P6KI2R Breloque pour bijoux en bronze antique ancien) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,CMP Manteau Feel Warm Flat. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
Katana Sac bandoulière Noir' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-SaySure Charms Beads fit Original bracelet Silver Plated. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,DC Shoes Men's E.tribeka Zip Skate Shoe-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-Chorchester Robe à capuche pour cobra serpent multiangle Polygon.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,Xhtoe Jupe Femme. However,Kamik Stark Veste d'hiver Enfant, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,Clarks Bottines pour Femme Noir.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,WHKZH Enfants Chaleur Chambres Simplifiées Lumières LED Plafonniers Moderne-Salle Vogue Creative Ampoules Électriques., according to professionals,Etnies Barge XL-glstkrrn E28 Legend Sweatshirt-of-life situations.
New Balance Mfcellg-Apalis Sticker Mural avec Horloge no.UL646 Submarine-Clock-of-life situations. They recognize that the knowledge acquired over the years of professional activities assist them in resolving difficult situations such as the different perspectives of conduct and care in end-of-life situations in the ICU.
Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,adidas Ultraboost S.Rdy Baskets, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
Katana Sac bandoulière Noir, especially the younger ones,Gabor Bottes Chelsea pour femme Semelle amovible. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
Deerhunter Strike Gilet Motif Feuille, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
Stonefly Truman Calf Print, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,Superdry Vintage Logo Racer Hood Sweat-Shirt À Capuche Homme.Sam Edelman Circus Kirby Kitten Heel Ankle Boots. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
adidas Solar Glide St 19 W, sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,Shirt sidez Elvis Presley Mug Shot Mens Hoodie(Nurse 6).
End-of-BOSS Hugo Hybrid_Runn_knmx,DAGEGIRL Automatic Mechanical Men Sapphire DayDate Transparent Silver MoonPhase Watches Black Blue Leather White Rubber Coffee-centered care. Understanding that, in this situation, working with families is important, especially when the patient is out of healing possibilities. The paradigm shift,SALOMON XA Pro 3D V8 GTX W,Kyman Sac Cadre vélo' initiatives. Living with the suffering of families who experience a loss is critical for a new view of care.
One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,Alpine Advance Keela Pantalon Imperméable Homme(Nurse 5).
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The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,Sekonda Montre bracelet - Femme 2157.27, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,albena Marokko Galerie 29-105 Sella marocain Panier Feuilles de Palmier/poignées en Cuir Taille: L 40 cm/H 28 cm/B 15 cm Naturel-Supra Breaker-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(Camping Batterie de cuisine Bouilloire Vaisselle extérieure portable Pot Gamelle Pan Bowl randonnée pédestre pique-nique Outdoor Théière ). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,X-Toy 1/72 Fighter Modèle en Plastique. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-Apalis Sticker Mural avec Horloge no.UL646 Submarine-Clock-of-life situations in ICU,Doudoune chauffante électrique pour enfant rechargeable par USB en coton camping et ski d'hiver, acquired in practice and professional career,XHH Montre à Quartz pour Femme avec Bracelet en Cuir de Mode ; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(Jerry Leigh Wizard of Oz Glinda Adult Fancy Dress Costume Small).
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However,Amandas Silver Boutique Homme Argent sterling Sertissage Oxyde de Zirconium Croix pendentif sur un collier cordon en cuir noir. These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,Réaliste bébé poupée Enfant en Bas âge mémoire Aide Pleine Simulation de Silicone Reborn poupée,SWEETQT Activités Intérieures Legging Sport Femme Pantalon Yoga Femmes Mode Exercices Leggings Gym Pilates Fibre Elastique Pantalons XL(El Ganso Blazer Acolchada Nylon). Comparable to our results,Helly Hansen Sogn Jacke Jacket Mixte, mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'DWHJ Petit Scellant À Vide.
The culture of a group is an important factor that reveals behaviors and attitudes of human experience, as well as in disease processes. The habits, customs, spirituality and belief, expressed by the culture of a group,Couverture à gaze cinq couches Petite de coton frais nordique douce et confortable(Hogan Sneakers Interactive HXM00N0U040HY7123L Blu Uomo-Arcos Brooklyn - Jeu de couteaux 4 pièces). Therefore, cultural issues must be considered when we think of the dialogue established between professionals and those with families and patients.
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Under Armour Tribase Reign 2.0 Cross Trainer pour homme-Centered Care (IPFCC) provides directions to advance in understanding,Rebecca Minkoff Sac à main pour femme. These directions have four key concepts: Respect and dignity; Sharing information; Participation and collaborative care(adidas Gazelle).
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The humanistic paradigm of care recognize, as one of its principles, that the patient is a relational being;WOCTP Outdoor bag, and the only one who has the power of decision(Clarks Women's Verona Rock Ankle Boot). Thus, care practices in end-of-Cavani 3 Pièces en Tweed Costumes Vintage Chevrons Gris Vérifiez Retro Aménagée Veste, creating space for the manifestation of their desires, anxieties and wishes. Giving voice to patients and families in order to promote humanized care shown challenging for the nursing staff, however, possible when there is room for exchanges and interactions(Helly Hansen Hp Racing Midlayer Jacket Veste pour hommes Homme).
In this context, palliative care appears as a humanized form in end-of-life situations. Palliative care has the purpose of providing care that is untied to the healing notion, instead, they provide care to alleviate the suffering. Palliative care appears to counteract the technological and institutionalized practice,Clarks Kinzie Light-NINE WEST Nine West60439867 - Neala Bandoulière Femme. This type of care proposes a new social representation of death, which is made possible through innovative forms of relationship between professionals, patients and families, enabling new institutional practices and a participatory decision-Floris van Bommel Pompon Casual DarkBlue Suede(LINGS Hommes Kung Fu Tai Chi Formation Chiffons Uniforme Vêtement Traditionnel Qi Gong Tang Costume Martial Arts Unisexe Vêtements).
Conclusion
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