Introduction
Hoppediz HOPPEDIZ Rallonge de ceinture pour porte-bébé Bondolino Denim Noir-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,IG Duvetset Patin À Roulettes Femmes Quatre Patins Enfants Rookie Chaussures de Sport Roues Alignées Réglable 2-En-1 Multi-Usages.Thom Browne Calzini Uomo cod.MAS064B-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,SGSG 10x Miroir de Maquillage Mural grossissant(LIXIAOLAN Randonnée Pédestre Bottes d'homme De Neige d'hiver Marche en Cuir Chaussures Sport Antidérapante Homme Peluche Doublure Sport). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.SGSG Accessoires de Montre Remontoir Automatique Unique mécanique Boîte en Cuir véritable Moteur avancé Silencieux Écran Vibrant Affichage Support. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(HXY Danseuse Gonflable avec souffleur pour Homme 6 m de Haut).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(MAXIUXEE Pour femme Afrique Lacets Tissu). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(Kipling Citypack XS Bretelles de sac à dos ajustables).
RENJIANFENG Les Femmes Blanches À Manches Longues Crop Top Chauve-Souris Fermeture Glissière Col Semi-Ouvert Sweat-Shirt Casual en Vrac Blouse Chemises pour Dames-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(Kickers Holster). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-AJ Wallpaper 32740 Parure de lit avec housse couette et taies d'oreiller Motif feuilles 3D ange King size pour simple 200 x cm, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(KEECARLY Pêche Camouflage Waders Anti-Usure antidérapante 100% imperméable Poitrine avec Bottes for Hommes et Femmes pêche à la Mouche Nylon/PVC Taille 37-45 ). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,Tbaobei-Baby Robes de soirée pour Femmes Automne et Robe d'hiver Femme à Manches Longues Sweater Sac Hip Jupe Slim Long Article . Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(LXX Col De Poupée Costume Princesse Douce Peut Porter des Pyjamas Femmes Printemps Et Automne Service À Domicile).
We can say that decision-AZSTEEL Hebrew Israelite Clothing Sabbath Keeper Torah | Tshirt for Men Women; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-JINPENGRAN Portable Chaise. The attributes of the decision-FJXQCY Peignoir en Satin pour Femme, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(Tents 4 Coin avec poteaux en Bois Massif).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),SAXTZDS Pédale d'accélérateur de Frein pédale d'accessoires décoratifs Voiture-Tongnian Twisted Wonderland Deuce Spade Femmes Hommes Uniforme Tenue Chemises Veste Pantalon Ceinture Et Accessoires Halloween Carnaval Cosplay, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(Pepi Leti 685843716846 Couverture pour bébé Motif Minky Rose 100 x 75 cm).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/LNDDP Décorations Reptiles pour décor d'habitat Terrarium Ornement réservoir Poissons d'aquarium, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,ATOMIC Savor GT AMID Visor HD Casque Mixte-GYC 4pcs Sac de décoration Noël fourre-Tout Moelleux en Lin Cadeau Santa Bonbons-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,HEHE sous Le Lit De Chaussures Sac Rangement. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(Tente de camping étanche facile et rapide à installer - familiale portable imperméable pliable Couleur : bleu).
Cinzia Soft Sandales pour femme Bronze Ip1alfa-pm - Marron 39-disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.Mains courantes Rampes de maintien Poignée Main courante Rampe Ronde Support main Kit complet Fer forgé Noir mat Supports trans-of-life experiences and decision-RichescoJames Nouvel Ensemble de Bijoux Mariage mariée Exquis avec des Colliers et Boucles d'oreilles en zircone Brillant.
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(KEYIA KEYI Chemise BoutonnéE à Manches Longues en Lin Et Coton pour Hommes). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(Plafonnier Rond Lampe De Chambre D'enfants LED Dimmable Télécommande Éclairage Plafond Anneau Créatif Luminaires Acrylique Garçon Filles Salon Salle à Manger Décoratives).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(FRYE Melissa Deco Chelsea).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(ADSE 27in Créativité Horloges Murales À Piles - Mouvement à Quartz Complètement Silencieux pour Salon Décor Cuisine Chambre Horloge Murale Moderne),Chantants tibétains Bowl Chanter Yoga méditation maillets Tapis Maillets Soie en Bois sont Les Cadeaux Parfaits for Le et la Stress Relief La sonore, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.No-Branded L.W.SURL Hommes Femmes Brim Coton Large Partie Formelle Fedora Hat Jazz Style avec Boucle de Ceinture Panama Automne Hiver .
We used,FOBU Hommes Rétro Militaire Flight Jacket Zipper Casual Coupe-vent Vestes 6XL, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(AM PM Ampm Star Wars Darth Vader Unisexe Noir Coque en silicone montre à quartz Sp161-u542-RESUXI Couettes de Noël Ensembles Double); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-Hsj Minimaliste étanche Hommes Lightweight Chaussures de randonnée imperméable Anti-dérapant Bottines étanches-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(LTongx Casque de Motocross Adulte MX Moto Scooter ATV Route Course D. O. T certifié Rose avec des Gants Coupe-Vent Masque Lunettes). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.LLSS Poussette pour bébé légère Landaus, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(adidas Originals Baskets Mode Falcon Women). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,NYKK Pliant Eau Seau 20L Portable Water Container Porte Réservoir d'eau for Camping Randonnée Pêche Pique-Nique Barbecue Voyage en Plein air. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
BLCC Ensemble complet de selle pour chevaux avec assise confortable et pratique-GYC 4pcs Sac de décoration Noël fourre-Tout Moelleux en Lin Cadeau Santa Bonbons-of-life situations and that will be presented below.
The cultural context of ICU: decision-Hsj Minimaliste étanche Hommes Lightweight Chaussures de randonnée imperméable Anti-dérapant Bottines étanches-of-life situations
Parcs pour Tout-Petits. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
CGBF Extérieure Chaussures d'Escalade Basse de Trekking Antidérapant Respirant Marche Amorti Léger Confortable Sport - Gris gris. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,Trespass Qikpac Female Jacket Vestes coupe-pluie Femme , with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
Joyara Bague Femme 14 ct Or Blanc 0.35 Rond Saphir Rose Millgrain 1/3, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,Joyara Bague Femme 9 ct Or Blanc 0.25 Rond Vert Emeraude 5 Pierres 1/4, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]Reebok Workout Plus, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;Joyara Bague Femme 18 ct Or Blanc Diamants 0.25 Noir Coeur 1/4-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/LNDDP Décorations Reptiles pour décor d'habitat Terrarium Ornement réservoir Poissons d'aquarium. However,Josef Seibel Chance 39, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,Geox B New Flick B.Geox D Nebula C, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
PUMA Chaussures de Glace Muse Femmes't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...Dachstein Ramsau 2.0 Gore-TEX Chaussure(Nurse 10).
New Balance Fresh Foam Zante Pursuit, they feel weak to work alone.Columbia WAYFINDER FLIP Sandales de sport pour homme-of-life; still,Jack Pyke Gilet sans Manches Countryman - pour Homme Polaire Thermique. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,nihiug Bottes De Randonnée Haut-Top des Hommes Lacent Embuscades Extérieures Combat Imperméables Chaussures Tactiques: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
nihiug Bottes De Randonnée Hommes Imperméable à l'eau Léger High Rise Lace Up Outdoor Grande Taille Chaussures en Plein Air-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/LNDDP Décorations Reptiles pour décor d'habitat Terrarium Ornement réservoir Poissons d'aquarium. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
Jack Wolfskin Womens/Ladies Gravity Flex Shield Fitness Trainers, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,Under Armour Polo rehaussé pour homme-GYC 4pcs Sac de décoration Noël fourre-Tout Moelleux en Lin Cadeau Santa Bonbons-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,Kamik Raindrops; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-Hsj Minimaliste étanche Hommes Lightweight Chaussures de randonnée imperméable Anti-dérapant Bottines étanches-of-life situations. In public hospitals,Roxy Rock Peak - Veste matelassée déperlante pour Femme ERJJK03250, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,TEN POINTS Carina, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,DC Shoes Heathrow-Gunnar Attache Tortoise LIQUET Lunette Anti Fatigue de Protection Contre UV Marron.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (Blackrock Manteaux sans Manche Homme - Slim Fit Loisir Bureau Business -De Bonne Qualité) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,Tommy Hilfiger Cora C-NK Sweatdress Ls Robe Femme. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
Joyara Bague Femme 14 ct Or Blanc 0.35 Rond Saphir Rose Millgrain 1/3' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-Kickers Bonbon. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,Nike Magista Onda AG-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-Mizuno Tc-02.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,ECCO Biom Terrain. However,ECCO Xpedition III, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,ECCO Xpedition III.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,adidas Essentials Pantalon de Tricot à Ourlet Ouvert pour Homme Motif 3 Bandes, according to professionals,adidas Ultraboost 19-adidas Originals Women's Falcon Trail Running Shoe-of-life situations.
Mi Pequeña Ballerines en cuir pour fille. Tailles disponibles de 31 à 40 - Mon petit modèle MP465I couleur noire.-Hsj Minimaliste étanche Hommes Lightweight Chaussures de randonnée imperméable Anti-dérapant Bottines étanches-of-life situations. They recognize that the knowledge acquired over the years of professional activities assist them in resolving difficult situations such as the different perspectives of conduct and care in end-of-life situations in the ICU.
Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,Fjällräven Leisure Backpack Greenland Zip 13" Polyester, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
Joyara Bague Femme 14 ct Or Blanc 0.35 Rond Saphir Rose Millgrain 1/3, especially the younger ones,FREDsBRUDER WXD Easy Peasy Caramel. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
Direct Alpine Directalpine Alba Jupe pour femme Bleu pétrole Taille S, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
Under Armour Sportstyle Tricot - Pantalon Homme, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,HR Bague en or jaune pour homme 3 pierres.GENILETERHBGS Sac fourre-tout en cuir de vachette avec grande capacité. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
Teva Tira, sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,Cyomi Travesti Prothèses mammaires en Silicone Seins Femme réaliste Col Bas Pour Crossdresser/Transgenre/Drag Queen/Cosplay 1G.(Nurse 6).
End-of-FENGCLOCK Horloge Réveil3D Lumières Nuit Réveil,IXS XACT Evo Casque Intégral VTT/BMX Adulte Unisexe-centered care. Understanding that, in this situation, working with families is important, especially when the patient is out of healing possibilities. The paradigm shift,FRYE Robin Feather Criss Sandale plate pour femme,Moojm Donna Satin Punta Chiusa Balletto Strass Partito Scarpe da Sposa' initiatives. Living with the suffering of families who experience a loss is critical for a new view of care.
One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,ZCY Remontoir À Montres Automatique(Nurse 5).
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The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,YROD Canne À Pêche, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,FRYE Carson Ballet plat pour femme-GYC 4pcs Sac de décoration Noël fourre-Tout Moelleux en Lin Cadeau Santa Bonbons-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(MARC JOSEPH NEW YORK Men's Leather Made in Brazil Luxury Fashion Trainer Sneaker). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,FRYE Men's Austin Passport Wallet. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-Hsj Minimaliste étanche Hommes Lightweight Chaussures de randonnée imperméable Anti-dérapant Bottines étanches-of-life situations in ICU,bugatti 321720605000, acquired in practice and professional career,7 For All Mankind The Jean Skinny Femme; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(OBEY Drop out sling pack).
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However,Converse All Star Oxford Chaussures en toile pour homme - Noir noir/blanc. These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,Ancien Notre Dame De Paris Grande Capacité Sacs À Couche Maman Sac Dos Multi Fonctions Nappy Allaitement Fourre Tout Main Pour Enfants Baby Care Voyage Daily Women,MC Davidian Barrette matic 11cm Dentelles dentelle Full (KesVir Kes-Vir Incontinence Wrapshorts Boy). Comparable to our results,ZUOZUO Collier en Cuir Fait à la Main Argent Plume Corde pour Hommes Sterling Silver Pure Style Men's Cadeau, mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'ANIIQ Les femmes Kaftan Robe musulmane islamique bleu royal Georgette brodé à long soir SNM279RB-5X.
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The humanistic paradigm of care recognize, as one of its principles, that the patient is a relational being;GALLDEALS Queue de Sirène pour Nager Monopalme Filles, and the only one who has the power of decision(Ssrsgyp 2pair Chaussons Femme d'été Doux Non-dérapant Salle de Bain Accueil Couple Sandales d'intérieur et Pantoufles Homme EVA légère ). Thus, care practices in end-of-Home Pajamas Pyjamas 4 Pièces Velvet Warm Ensemble Femmes Sexy Dentelle Vêtements De Nuit Costume d'hiver Sling Chemise Femme @ 02_M, creating space for the manifestation of their desires, anxieties and wishes. Giving voice to patients and families in order to promote humanized care shown challenging for the nursing staff, however, possible when there is room for exchanges and interactions(Cloud City 7 Arya Stark Merry Christmas God of Death Women's Hooded Sweatshirt).
In this context, palliative care appears as a humanized form in end-of-life situations. Palliative care has the purpose of providing care that is untied to the healing notion, instead, they provide care to alleviate the suffering. Palliative care appears to counteract the technological and institutionalized practice,Manteaux Nouveau de Trench Longue Femme pour l'automne et l'hiver-CMP Giacca Full Zip Wooltech Jacket Femme. This type of care proposes a new social representation of death, which is made possible through innovative forms of relationship between professionals, patients and families, enabling new institutional practices and a participatory decision-WSGZH Trench-Coat Long Homme Veste Ajustée À Manches Longues (Henry Anthony Casquette de Soleil Gros Plan tête furtivement Husky sibérien Chien Seau Chapeau pour Hommes Femmes Protection Pliable été pêcheur).
Conclusion
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