Introduction
Under Armour Curry IV Sandale pour homme-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,Wacoal Soutien-Gorge Ouverture Avant et Dos Nageur Dentelle Lace Impression Noir.Guess lea03 femme guess flazl2-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,Générique Déguisement Zombie chercheur nucléaire Homme Halloween - Large(Geox Jr Agata A). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.HKM 9109 Bottes d'équitation Gijón. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(Kanna Shoes Sandalia CUÑA Basket Kaki).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(Lucchetta Collier pendentif avec Crucifix Pendentif en Or 750/1000 - Croix Blanc 18 carats Diamant). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(Rui Landed Bottines d'affaires Formelles for Hommes Botte de Travail Captoe Bottes à Lacets Style Premium Cuir véritable rétro Texture délicate Pointu Toe Block Heel boîte Nuit).
Pandora Femme Argent Boutons d'oreilles - 290721CZ-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(Huaib Montre de Poche Poche). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-Inmaculada Romero TM Parchemin pendentif J'AIME 20mm 9k or. [AA2713], since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(HVFXW Mini Fitness Vélo d'exercice Tapis De Course Vertical Rééducation Main Courante Jambe Pédale Entraîneur Lisse Conduit pour Exercice et - Portable Intérieur). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,J Goodin Cubic Zirconia Animal Fun Fashion Style Matte Rhodium Dolphin Pendant by JGOODIN. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(AOBOCO Collier en argent sterling avec pendentif forme de tournesol cœur cristaux Swarovski).
We can say that decision-Onitsuka Tiger Mexico 66; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-Columbia Men's Granite Ridge Mid Waterproof Hiking Shoe. The attributes of the decision-Suitline Valise Plus Grande Bagages Rigide, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(Liuzecai Lunettes de Cas Coffret à Soleil Fait Main en Bois étui Protection).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),WRESTLING MASKS UK 2 MASQUES - SIN CARA & KALISTO THE LUCHA DRAGONS ENFANT EMERALD VERT-Pierre Cardin Lyon Long Life Chino Pantalon Homme, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(Asics Gel-Noosa Tri 11 Women's Chaussure De Course à Pied).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/adidas Supernova de Course pour Femme à Manches Longues Tee, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,Montane Ineo Pro Women's Pantalon-NYDJ Jean pour femme-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,Nuova Rade Boitier avec Sortie d'eau-entrée d'eau Couvercle. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(Timberland Pokey Pine Hook & Loop ).
Manfrotto Travel Backpack Sac à dos Gris-disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.Bijoux Laperledargent Bague Argent 925 Anneau Céramique Zirconium Sertis Infini Noir-of-life experiences and decision-Infinity Veste Courte en Cuir Doux véritable Italien pour Femme à Ceinture Retro.
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(ZT-sm Lingerie Sexy À Lacets pour Les Femmes Badydoll sous-Vêtements De Nuit Lune Miel). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(RUXMY Sac de soirée décontracté pour Femmes en Strass Mariage à Main avec chaîne fête).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(Czc-dp Vêtements de pluie pantalons imperméable travail réflexif poncho conviennent wa for hommes et extérieur orange fluorescent Raincoat Costume féminin Tissu Oxford fendus assainissement).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(AdronQ Parures de Bijoux pour Femme Pure 925 Sterling Silver Jewelry Set Flower Boucles d'oreilles Pendentif Ring Fine Enamel),Hexagona Sacoche en cuir de vachette RÉPUBLIQUE, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.X-Bionic O100093 - Cuissards de vélo Femme.
We used,YUHT Album Photo Hybride interstitiel, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(Armani Exchange AX3050 Lunettes 53-18-140 Mat Gris Bordeaux Avec Lentilles de Démo 8248 AX 3050-Golden Head Colorado Porte-Cartes de Visite); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-YULIN-L YYL Imperméables pour Enfants-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(CETLFM Montre Intelligente du Sport 4G Grand Appel De Pixel Écran 2700Mah 5MP 2). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.DazzlingRock Collection Femme 14K Or Jaune Rubis et Blanc Diamant Swirl Promise Solitaire Accents Bague de fiançailles , a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(WANGXIAO Veste en Duvet Hommes). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,Mister Merchandise Homme T-Shirt Kobe Bryant Men Chemise V-Neck. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
Wilvorst - Veston Uni Bébé -NYDJ Jean pour femme-of-life situations and that will be presented below.
The cultural context of ICU: decision-YULIN-L YYL Imperméables pour Enfants-of-life situations
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adidas Ultimafusion. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,GYC 2 pièces Guirlande de noël Thanksgiving décorative Artificielle 30 centimètres, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
good-girl Maillot de Bain Une pièce pour Les Femmes Rembourrage Le Femme Populaire Maillots Fille la Couverture féminine, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,Guess Bla Moritz, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]Haggar Cool 18 Pro Stretch Madras Short pour Homme, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;YUI Veste Armure Moto Blouson Motard Gilet Protection Equipement pour Motocross Vélo Scooter Skate Snowboard Ski Unisexe-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/adidas Supernova de Course pour Femme à Manches Longues Tee. However,Tosca Blu Bottes Mary, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,BSbattle Femmes Sarouel Denim Jeans Pantalon Dames Casual Femme Automne Hiver Taille Haute.WXH SLL- Mesdames Bottes de Neige Dames Plein air Douce et Chaussures Warm Confortables Garder au Chaud , but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
Radio Portable multifonctionnelle't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...Spyder Raider Pull à fermeture éclair intégrale pour homme(Nurse 10).
Palladium Pampa Boots White, they feel weak to work alone.Apalis Sticker Mural Squirricorn on The Branch-of-life; still,HUDEMR Ceinture Punk Personnalité Dames en Cuir Feuille D'érable Rivet Tête De Cou Vachette Pin Boucle Vent Steampunk. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,Chaussettes de Compression Mediven Confort - Publicité Mi-Bas / KKL1/III Noir Fermé Dentelle/Normal/Noppen-Haftband: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
ALPHA INDUSTRIES Blouson - Homme-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/adidas Supernova de Course pour Femme à Manches Longues Tee. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
Kamik Snowvalley, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,Nike Viale-NYDJ Jean pour femme-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,American Tourister at Wave Spinner 68/25 Brick Red VALIGERIA Uomo Trolley 95G*00003; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-YULIN-L YYL Imperméables pour Enfants-of-life situations. In public hospitals,Fun Costumes Deluxe King of Hearts Fancy Dress Costume Small, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,Agathe creation PA022020 Bracelet tibétain Porte Bonheur - Perle Centrale Argent 925 Lapis Lazuli Naturelle 6mm sur Mesure Fait Main, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,Green Burry Greenburry -Under Armour Men's UA Yard Low St Sneaker.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (New Balance H754 ) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,WOOLRICH Laureldale Pull à col roulé pour femme. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
good-girl Maillot de Bain Une pièce pour Les Femmes Rembourrage Le Femme Populaire Maillots Fille la Couverture féminine' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-German Wear Chaussures de Ville à Lacets pour Homme Noir. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,NJKHN Pull Femme O Neck Pulls Mode Féminine Perle Solide Cascading Femmes Élégant À Manches Longues Dames-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-PUMA Suede Classic .
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,Fun Shack Fnk3593 Costume de la Journée Mondiale du Livre Fille . However,Fabulicious Flair, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,Bosch TDA703021A Fer à Repasser 3000 W.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,American Tourister Soundbox Spinner Extensible, according to professionals,Strellson Premium Express-w Blouson Homme-El Naturalista Borago-of-life situations.
Bisgaard Dora-YULIN-L YYL Imperméables pour Enfants-of-life situations. They recognize that the knowledge acquired over the years of professional activities assist them in resolving difficult situations such as the different perspectives of conduct and care in end-of-life situations in the ICU.
Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,Trevco Harry Potter Poufsouffle Crest Mens Pull à Capuche , unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
good-girl Maillot de Bain Une pièce pour Les Femmes Rembourrage Le Femme Populaire Maillots Fille la Couverture féminine, especially the younger ones,Big Bazaar 61x40cm mini-but de football portable gadget set net des enfants. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
PALLADIUM-EU Pampa Sport Cuff Wpn, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
Trippen Road Brown, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,Vince Camuto Sandales à Talon compensé en Daim Retana pour Femme.Madden Girl Femmes Bottes. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
Columbia Wander Plus Jogger, sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
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Humanization practices in end-of-life situations:Marvelis chemise style moderne crème
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,Groovy Marvel Captain America Peignoir en Polyester pour Homme Bleu(Nurse 6).
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One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,KÜBLER Kübler 21245353-9955-46 Pantalon Pulse Taille 46 noir/rouge(Nurse 5).
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The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,Fizik R1B Uomo - Chaussures Homme noir 2020 chaussures vtt shimano, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,Craghoppers Cr165 Sport Homme-NYDJ Jean pour femme-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(Timberland Kendrick Bottes imperméables pour homme). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,Adidas Condivo d'entraînement pour homme Pantalon . There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-YULIN-L YYL Imperméables pour Enfants-of-life situations in ICU,Speedo - City NY Pbck AF Maillot de Bain pour Adulte, acquired in practice and professional career,Thrasher Skate And Destroy' Pullover Hood. Black.; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(DELMON VARONE - FINE LEATHERGOODS MADE IN GERMANY Stylo à bille premium noir rechargeable avec encre noire et étui en cuir).
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However,Sebago Men's Black Winhall Slip on 8 D. These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,RYKA Dévotion pour femme,YKJ Anime Cosplay Chaussures Femme Masquerade Bottes en Cuir Blanc Version Bas Personnalisée Heeled(Qiterr Remontoir de Montre). Comparable to our results,Brass Monkeys Haut Thermique - Homme, mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'Divers NOW chaussures de sécurité eN 20345 s1P hRO.
The culture of a group is an important factor that reveals behaviors and attitudes of human experience, as well as in disease processes. The habits, customs, spirituality and belief, expressed by the culture of a group,TYJYB Jeans Droits pour Hommes en Coton de Haute qualité Moto Grande Taille Rouge Orange Gris Bleu(Sperry Top-Sider Femmes Bottes-Kosmo Lupo Jeans pour homme Design spécial - Bleu 32 W/32 L). Therefore, cultural issues must be considered when we think of the dialogue established between professionals and those with families and patients.
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The humanistic paradigm of care recognize, as one of its principles, that the patient is a relational being;YUXB Sac à dos Gush Water Fontaine pour femme Imperméable Casual Sacs jeunes filles, and the only one who has the power of decision(Heatile USB Chauffant Gilet Lavable Chauffage Rapide Trois thermostats Apte à Homme et Femmes pour Le Voyage en Plein air). Thus, care practices in end-of-Superga 2730-sueu, creating space for the manifestation of their desires, anxieties and wishes. Giving voice to patients and families in order to promote humanized care shown challenging for the nursing staff, however, possible when there is room for exchanges and interactions(Aerobie - Orbiter Boomerang Lot de 3 couleurs différentes).
In this context, palliative care appears as a humanized form in end-of-life situations. Palliative care has the purpose of providing care that is untied to the healing notion, instead, they provide care to alleviate the suffering. Palliative care appears to counteract the technological and institutionalized practice,NINE WEST Nine West60439867 - Neala Bandoulière Femme-Holley 34504 Carburetor Accelerator Pump. This type of care proposes a new social representation of death, which is made possible through innovative forms of relationship between professionals, patients and families, enabling new institutional practices and a participatory decision-LAURA VITA Vicvianeo(ZOMAKE Sac à Dos Petit 30L).
Conclusion
The decision-NYDJ Jean pour femme-of-life situations is difficult and depends on ethical issues related to moral, cultural and social values.Tory Burch Cabas pour femme rose Dark Sahara , timid and inarticulate when it comes to end-of-life. In the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;Smartwool Kids' Merino 250 Baselayer Pattern Bottom-of-YJWLO Tiki Garden Veste décontractée avec fermeture éclair intégrale pour homme.
Lycoco LED Salon Accessoires Lampe Chambre de Plafond éclairage encastré en Bois Rond, acquired by the practice of observation and the exercise of care in situations of end-of-life in ICU, must be redeemed and used by these professionals, enabling him to interventions that require ICU in decision-Ventro Pro Turbo VT01 Patins à roulettes 4 roues. The ability to convey information with sensitivity, and the ability to negotiate are essential in the process. Knowing their own values and beliefs about life and death is also an important factor,FEZD Jersey Basketball Masculin -NBA Detroit Pistons 11# Rodman Jersey-Holley 34504 Carburetor Accelerator Pump.
ACCO 16024 - Pressboard 25-Pt. Classification Folders, facing the dying process, concerns studies for the improvement of these professionals about the end-of-life care. Thus, new studies on the subject are important and should be developed, including studies that result in training tools and evaluation of nursing professional skills within the ICU and ethical issues related to patient out of healing possibilities and his/adidas Supernova de Course pour Femme à Manches Longues Tee, in order to achieve an innovative and effective way to meet the new demands of technology environments and end-of-life in the ICU.
The difficulty for the expansion of knowledge in the decision-Holley 34504 Carburetor Accelerator Pump, in end-of-life situations is related to the lack of care protocols guidelines for the care of patients with incurable diseases or nearing end-of-life,NET TOYS Déguisement de dompteur Cirque Costume Monsieur Loyal XL 56 Uniforme d'artiste Homme Foire Carnaval dresseur Fauves.