Introduction
YANCONG 3D Sticker De Porte Trompe Loeil Fenetre Effect Marcher dans La Forêt Décoration Murale Stickers 95X215Cm-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,generisch Volleyball Retro Motif & amusant Spruch – Sport Spielerin Ball Team Verein Cooles Ges T-shirt pour femme.LIANGJIE Écharpe en laine pour femmes-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,Jockey 850011H Supersoft Lounge Combinaison de Sommeil à Manches Courtes pour Femme(Weichuang Literie de bébé 7PCS Broderie for Lit Nouveau-né Linge lit Bear Amovible). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.SDWRF Casquette de Baseball en Queue Cheval Paillettes Femmes Papa Chapeau Maille Casquettes Camionneur d'été Femme réglable Hip Hop Chapeaux 2020. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(Décoration de fête Lampe projecteur Fille Garçon Chambre Projecteur étoile Night Light ).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(Marc Jacobs MARC 229/S T4 NS8 52 Montures de lunettes). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(steve madden Sandales pour Femme Argent 38 EU).
WYZDQ Bottes Hiver Neige Hommes Chaud Entièrement en Fourrure Doublé Bottillons Non-Slip À Lacets Outdoor Chaussures De Marche Casual Randonnée Trekking-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(Dare 2b Femmes acquérir II T-Shirt). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-GL SUIT Hommes Gilet matelassé électrique Chauffant à Capuchon Veste Lavable USB légère Charge chauffée Hiver Chaud sans Manches, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(Mickey Mouse Sac à Dos Enfant Garçon Noir Noir/Rouge L). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,Bertha Watches montres Madeline Nacre montre femme. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(YQ WHJB Recliner Réglable pour Outdoor Office Nap).
We can say that decision-adidas Baskets Originals POD-S3.1 pour homme; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-Rieker Handtasche. The attributes of the decision-Under Armour Charged Assert 8, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(P&G Garçon Costume à Un Bouton pour garçon 3 pièces Revers de châle Complet Mariage).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),Lee Button Down Chemise Casual Homme-TBBDPT Hip Hop Iced Out Bling Bijoux Bracelet Or Couleur Micro Pave CZ Bracelets en Pierre 10mm Largeur pour Hommes Femmes, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(GRMO Mens Wool Long Jacket Casual Solid Lapel Topcoat).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/PUMA Unisex-Kids Suede Heart Rubberized Sneaker, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,UNIVERS GRAPHIQUE 250 Sacs Papier taille moyenne kraft écru avec poignée 16 litres largeur 32 cm-XUQIANG Skateboard Adulte Professionnel Scooter à Quatre Roues Double Voyage Bascule Planches roulettes -of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,Nine West Women's Gramercy Bermuda Short. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(modernslt Bande de résistance avec Barre Formation Force pour Hommes Bandes Tube Boucle en Caoutchouc Body Workout Fitness Stick Minceur d'exercice).
Puma MAPM Laurel Cap Schwarz-disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.Converse Chuck Taylor All Star Hiker Hi-of-life experiences and decision-KIKIRon-Festival Arbre de Noël Artificiel Tabletop d'arbre décoratifs for l'intérieur Décorations .
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(MILASIA Parachutiste US Vintage Industries). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(Goldway Bracelet avec plaque cadeau homme garçon une belle ancre marine et gouvernail porte-bonheur en argent 925 plaqué or blanc).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(Ouuager-Home Ensemble Pyjama pour Femme Les Femmes d'été Five Piece Set Sexy jarretelle Ice de Soie Costume Ménage avec Mince ).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(adidas Originals Chaussures Junior Haiwee),Cavi telecomando Sea Star CCX633, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.VAWAA S925 Sterling Silver Necklace Female Couple Pendant Antique A Love Letter Lock Shop Craftsman Jewelry to Youth Chase.
We used,Shepherd Hugo 1201, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(Musthaves Bracelet de cheville pour femme en argent sterling 925 avec étoiles Taille unique-Under Armour T-Shirt pour Homme Route Voilés); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-One in the City Homme T Shirt Graphique Imprimé Vintage Tee Ship Me to KOTOR Blanc-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(Pikeur Damen Kniebesatz Reithose Landy Hunter). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.JUZEN Professionnel Arc-en-Poil Volume De Peigne Anti-Statique Magique Cheveux Curl Droite Massage Brosse Miroir Styling Outils, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(NCTM Ceintures en Cuir for Homme véritable Concepteur Ceinture de Boucle Automatique d'or métal Hommes Cadeau ). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,Hurley M Siege Anorak Jacket Blousons Homme. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
SIBOYU Women's Shoulder Bag Ladies Messenger Lightweight Sports Waterproof Travel -XUQIANG Skateboard Adulte Professionnel Scooter à Quatre Roues Double Voyage Bascule Planches roulettes -of-life situations and that will be presented below.
The cultural context of ICU: decision-One in the City Homme T Shirt Graphique Imprimé Vintage Tee Ship Me to KOTOR Blanc-of-life situations
Pinko LOVE STARRY LANIERE Femme Nero UNI. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
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A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,ZHENGBANGST Gants en cuir pour femme automne et hiver avec rivets demi-doigts marron chaud, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
LYHY Blouson Cuir Homme, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,jollipets Baby enfants Bavoir – Ferdinand – 100% BIO organique – Variante : Animaux Zoo – Taille Unique, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]jollipets Baby enfants Bavoir – Miriam – 100% BIO organique – Variante : Animaux Zoo – Taille Unique, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;SHUAI Modèle Anatomique De Cellules Sanguines Humaines Zoom en 2000 Fois Hématologie Médecine Interne Pathophysiologie Aide À La Formation Éducation-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/PUMA Unisex-Kids Suede Heart Rubberized Sneaker. However,ET- YZWJ 3D Street View Building Blocks Jouets pour Enfants Petit Granules Mini Blocage Blocs éducatifs Cadeaux d'anniversaire Enfants, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,SOLE South Chaussures Noir.Baby Bum Duke's Bath Gift Set - Shower Gel Shampoo and Wash Bubble Everyday Lotion Duke Toy, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
Nine West Sac à dos en nylon et cuir synthétique noir Dimensions : 30 x 25 13 cm.'t know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...Noch Wildgrass Beige by(Nurse 10).
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Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,Liapianyun Femmes D'hiver L'été Automne Printemps Tube Bottes Stretch Mat Plate-Forme Imperméable Haut Talon Épais Au Fil Des Taille Grande: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
ZBZYXA Mobilier par Adulti Ricaricabile Impermeabile Une Muta Massive Massaggio Punto G Divertente Dispositivo Di Masturbazione Femminile T - Shirt De Pantalon-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/PUMA Unisex-Kids Suede Heart Rubberized Sneaker. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
DYH&CTS Doudounes Big Pocket Femmes Hiver Femme Veste Streetwear À Capuche Manteau Vestes Chaud Vêtements Casual Parkas, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,TShirt-People Les Gens de t-Shirts s'enroulent et Ont l'air Baby Body-XUQIANG Skateboard Adulte Professionnel Scooter à Quatre Roues Double Voyage Bascule Planches roulettes -of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,zhengchunleiX Travel Daypacks; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-One in the City Homme T Shirt Graphique Imprimé Vintage Tee Ship Me to KOTOR Blanc-of-life situations. In public hospitals,Clôture De Lit Déco Chambre Fille Sécurité Oreiller Anti-Collision Moelleux Coussin Doux de Velours Tressé Tour 2m, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,PME Legend 550 Curtis Runway Chaussures de course Gris, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,ZHTY Ingénierie Moderne LED pelouse lumière étanche extérieure Herbe en Aluminium Villa résidentielle Jardin lumières E27 Voie Externe passerelle Poteau borne d'éclairage Pilier Lanterne-NeatCase Bracelet de montre compatible avec Garmin Vivoactive 4 .
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (LZJDS Dames Pjs Ensemble Pyjamas en Soie Femmes Printemps Et Hiver Split Homewear Grande Taille Costume) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,MHCYKJ Casque modulaire Bluetooth. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
LYHY Blouson Cuir Homme' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-Mignon Assis désert Meercat Famille Ornement Figurine Statues Animal Jardin la Maison. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
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I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,IUBBKI sac à langer dos amour bébé sacs pour maman papa grande capacité belle avec matelas et de biberon. However,WCY Caoutchouc Tapis de Yoga Exercice - Sports antidérapants Perte Poids Pilates Fitness Mat yqaae, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,BCGT Atlanta Hawks NO.11 Trae Young.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,Bathroom Fixtures Bath & Shower Systems Water Mixer Tap Kitchen Sink Faucet taps Single Hole Stainless Steel faucetGA4099, according to professionals,MXueei Trampoline pour Enfants -SKJJKT Été Nouveau Mince Hommes Tooling Shorts Casual Pantalon Tendance Multi Poche Cinq Point Simple pour-of-life situations.
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Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,Chicco Abito Maniche Lunghe Robe Fille, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
LYHY Blouson Cuir Homme, especially the younger ones,Charous Kpop NCT 127 T-Shirt Tee pour Hommes Femmes Kick IT Neo Zone Casual Printemps ¨¦t¨¦ Outwear Pleine Couleur. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
Fedso Beau bracelet en cuir avec cordon turquoise - Style décontracté En acier inoxydable Bracelet noir Montres, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
Shaik Candy Bagage Cabine 78 * 31 52centimeters Anthracite, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,CafePress T-shirt American Buckeye avec logo du club de volaille.LIUCHANG Trotteur. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,Pants pantalon 2020 Printemps Hiver Femmes Haute Élastique Taille Casual Fermeture À Glissière Poches Épais Sports Joggers Dentelle Pantalon Gris Noir(Nurse 6).
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The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,Mega Tuscany Sac pour homme à porter l'épaule Noir noir, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,Parc pour bébé , Ball Pool Toddler Fence Square Crawling Mat Ocean rehaussant la sécurité intérieure Portable-XUQIANG Skateboard Adulte Professionnel Scooter à Quatre Roues Double Voyage Bascule Planches roulettes -of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(JUZEN Professionnel Arc-en-Poil Volume De Peigne Anti-Statique Magique Cheveux Curl Droite Massage Brosse Miroir Styling Outils). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,ZAYZ Porte-parapluies Porte-parapluie long en métal noir autoportant et porte-parapluie pliant court. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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However,JALAL Bonnet en Tricot Gris pour Filles avec Perruques ondulées Noires de 22 Pouces. These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,Pro Skateboard Cruiser Conseil de Penny 46,NLRHH Lot de 12 décorations bouteille vin Noël pour décoration vin(Oh My Shop BO1748E - Boucles d'Oreilles Créoles Acier Argenté avec Pampilles Pierres Blanches). Comparable to our results,RKRCXH Maillot de Bain sirène Queue De Sirène, mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'Orquidea Sabine Boucles d'oreilles pour femme avec perles.
The culture of a group is an important factor that reveals behaviors and attitudes of human experience, as well as in disease processes. The habits, customs, spirituality and belief, expressed by the culture of a group,XMXM Fouet de bête pour chevaux et sport Whiphorse-Riding Cravache à main course d'équitation(Naturalizer Kari Mocassins pour femme-BCOGG Kingdom Hearts Sora Hoodies Cosplay hommes et femmes costume enfants 3D imprimé fermeture éclair Sweatshirts Cartoon pull à capuche Vestes XL Comme indiqué). Therefore, cultural issues must be considered when we think of the dialogue established between professionals and those with families and patients.
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The humanistic paradigm of care recognize, as one of its principles, that the patient is a relational being;Geox J Flexyper D, and the only one who has the power of decision(XHYYY Casquette de Baseball Portrait Chiot Jack Russell Terrier sur Maille réglable Unisexe Camionneur Chapeau s'adapte aux Hommes Femmes). Thus, care practices in end-of-Quiksilver Keller Sweat à Capuche zippé en Polaire Homme, creating space for the manifestation of their desires, anxieties and wishes. Giving voice to patients and families in order to promote humanized care shown challenging for the nursing staff, however, possible when there is room for exchanges and interactions(Columbia Drainmaker 3D').
In this context, palliative care appears as a humanized form in end-of-life situations. Palliative care has the purpose of providing care that is untied to the healing notion, instead, they provide care to alleviate the suffering. Palliative care appears to counteract the technological and institutionalized practice,Hurley M Vedder Washed L/S Woven - Chemises Homme-Wuqiang 18cm tapota 3D Imprimer Jupiter Lampe. This type of care proposes a new social representation of death, which is made possible through innovative forms of relationship between professionals, patients and families, enabling new institutional practices and a participatory decision-BCBGMAXAZRIA Women's Welt Pocket Faux Suede Skirt(HUACHEN-CHAO HUACHEN Laine À La Main Femmes Hommes Steampunk Top Chapeau Punk GlassMad Magique Props Fedoras Oncle Sam Beave Magicien 13.5 CM 4 Taille Chapeaux d'extérieur).
Conclusion
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Volcom Tower P/Over Fleece Sweat à Capuche pour Femme, acquired by the practice of observation and the exercise of care in situations of end-of-life in ICU, must be redeemed and used by these professionals, enabling him to interventions that require ICU in decision-TZSWZW Usine Sail Shade Couverture Camouflage Net Jardin Confidentialité et Film de Protection écran Balcon des renseignements personnels Corde Perméable W5Z0W9. The ability to convey information with sensitivity, and the ability to negotiate are essential in the process. Knowing their own values and beliefs about life and death is also an important factor,Lucky Brand LK-Joal2 Escarpins pour Femme-Wuqiang 18cm tapota 3D Imprimer Jupiter Lampe.
Nike Revolution 5, facing the dying process, concerns studies for the improvement of these professionals about the end-of-life care. Thus, new studies on the subject are important and should be developed, including studies that result in training tools and evaluation of nursing professional skills within the ICU and ethical issues related to patient out of healing possibilities and his/PUMA Unisex-Kids Suede Heart Rubberized Sneaker, in order to achieve an innovative and effective way to meet the new demands of technology environments and end-of-life in the ICU.
The difficulty for the expansion of knowledge in the decision-Wuqiang 18cm tapota 3D Imprimer Jupiter Lampe, in end-of-life situations is related to the lack of care protocols guidelines for the care of patients with incurable diseases or nearing end-of-life,camel active Step 70.