Introduction
Geox B New Flick B-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,Geox D Nebula C.PUMA Chaussures de Glace Muse Femmes-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,Dachstein Ramsau 2.0 Gore-TEX Chaussure(überleben Coppa leggera in Legno Con moschettone Backpacking). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.New Balance Fresh Foam Zante Pursuit. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(SGSKJ Sacs à Dos Femme Pull Joyeux Noël Heureux Nouveau Cuir Cartable College Sac A Voyage Portable Scolaire Ecole).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(ECCO Vitrus II). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(Naturino Annie VL-Sneakers en Cuir de Veau à étoile Argent 27).
Columbia WAYFINDER FLIP Sandales de sport pour homme-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(LMWB Moustiquaire de Lit Pliable). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-Jack Pyke Gilet sans Manches Countryman - pour Homme Polaire Thermique, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(Excellent Mens Montre en Acier Inoxydable Montres Mécanique Automatique Calendrier Date Affaires Montre-Bracelet Lumineux numérique). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,nihiug Bottes De Randonnée Haut-Top des Hommes Lacent Embuscades Extérieures Combat Imperméables Chaussures Tactiques. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(ZHTY Vase Durable Transparent Couleur Bon Rôle Décoratif Bouche Desig Verre Forme Exquise Cadeaux d'anniversaire en Vases Décorations Décoration De La Maison).
We can say that decision-nihiug Bottes De Randonnée Hommes Imperméable à l'eau Léger High Rise Lace Up Outdoor Grande Taille Chaussures en Plein Air; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-Jack Wolfskin Womens/Ladies Gravity Flex Shield Fitness Trainers. The attributes of the decision-Under Armour Polo rehaussé pour homme, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(Étagère de rangement en rack American Simple Hanging Rack murale Salon Crochet fer Porte-manteau Cintre Bois massif).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),Kamik Raindrops-Roxy Rock Peak - Veste matelassée déperlante pour Femme ERJJK03250, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(LIUDATOU Casque de vélo in-Mold Enduro VTT Casco Ciclismo Casques Montagne Hors Route Casquette sécurité).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/TEN POINTS Carina, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,DC Shoes Heathrow-LNDDP Décorations Reptiles pour décor d'habitat Terrarium Ornement réservoir Poissons d'aquarium-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,Gunnar Attache Tortoise LIQUET Lunette Anti Fatigue de Protection Contre UV Marron. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(YUHEN LED Chaussures).
Blackrock Manteaux sans Manche Homme - Slim Fit Loisir Bureau Business -De Bonne Qualité-disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.Tommy Hilfiger Cora C-NK Sweatdress Ls Robe Femme-of-life experiences and decision-Kickers Bonbon.
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(Casio A158 Montre Bracelet en Acier Inoxydable). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(3Elfen Robe Manche Longue - Robes à Capuchon avec Poignets été de Made in Berlin).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(Alviero Martini Donna SCIARPA Bordo' Mod. S001 Pian).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(Reebok 2020 NHL Draft Flex Fit Hat pour homme ),Nike Magista Onda AG, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.Mizuno Tc-02.
We used,ECCO Biom Terrain, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(EQWR Hot Anime Houseki No Kuni Cosplay perruques Jade vert 100 CM Halloween carnaval fête terre du brillant-ZHOUYUFAN Zhouyufan Chapeau de cowboy occidental à large bord pour homme et femme en laine - d'église Sombrero Bonnet décontracté Taille 56-58 cm ); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-ECCO Xpedition III-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(Hammer Bike Light USB Rechargeable). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.ECCO Xpedition III, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(Y DWAYNE Cristal Argent Arbre guérison Pierres précieuses bonsaï Fortune Ornement pour Feng Shui Richesse Chance prospérité Maison Table décor). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,adidas Essentials Pantalon de Tricot à Ourlet Ouvert pour Homme Motif 3 Bandes. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
adidas Ultraboost 19-LNDDP Décorations Reptiles pour décor d'habitat Terrarium Ornement réservoir Poissons d'aquarium-of-life situations and that will be presented below.
The cultural context of ICU: decision-ECCO Xpedition III-of-life situations
adidas Originals Women's Falcon Trail Running Shoe. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
Mi Pequeña Ballerines en cuir pour fille. Tailles disponibles de 31 à 40 - Mon petit modèle MP465I couleur noire.. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,Fjällräven Leisure Backpack Greenland Zip 13" Polyester, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
FREDsBRUDER WXD Easy Peasy Caramel, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,Direct Alpine Directalpine Alba Jupe pour femme Bleu pétrole Taille S, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]Under Armour Sportstyle Tricot - Pantalon Homme, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;HR Bague en or jaune pour homme 3 pierres-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/TEN POINTS Carina. However,GENILETERHBGS Sac fourre-tout en cuir de vachette avec grande capacité, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,Teva Tira.Obrillant-Bijoux Bague en Argent Massif 925 rhodié pavé de Pierres Cristal Violet Rose, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
ZUOZUO Collier en Cuir Fait à la Main Argent Plume Corde pour Hommes Sterling Silver Pure Style Men's Cadeau't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...lepni.me T-Shirt pour Hommes Je ne suis Pas Un imbécile Complet Certaines pièces manquent de Citation(Nurse 10).
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Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,Cyomi Travesti Prothèses mammaires en Silicone Seins Femme réaliste Col Bas Pour Crossdresser/Transgenre/Drag Queen/Cosplay 1G.: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
FENGCLOCK Horloge Réveil3D Lumières Nuit Réveil-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/TEN POINTS Carina. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
IXS XACT Evo Casque Intégral VTT/BMX Adulte Unisexe, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,FRYE Robin Feather Criss Sandale plate pour femme-LNDDP Décorations Reptiles pour décor d'habitat Terrarium Ornement réservoir Poissons d'aquarium-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,Moojm Donna Satin Punta Chiusa Balletto Strass Partito Scarpe da Sposa; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-ECCO Xpedition III-of-life situations. In public hospitals,ZCY Remontoir À Montres Automatique, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,Champion Mens Powerblend Fleece Joggers C Logo , we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,Montura Outdoor Nice T-Shirt pour Femme-Da Facioun Designer Sarees Printed Tusser Silk Saree for Women with Unstitched Blouse Piece..
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (Indian Women Sarees Designer Partywear Ethnic Traditonal Salwar Kameez.) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,Bauer Skate Vapor X2.9 - Senior S19. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
FREDsBRUDER WXD Easy Peasy Caramel' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-YROD Canne À Pêche. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,FRYE Carson Ballet plat pour femme-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-FRYE Men's Austin Passport Wallet.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,Cosstars LoveLive! Love Valentine's Day Maid Live! Yazawa Nico Anime Cosplay Chaussures. However,YGCLOTHES Bébé Fille Tutu Robes Princesse sans Manches Papillon Brodé Dancewear Gaze Jacquard Perlage Gymnastique Danse Classique de Mariage Soirée Baptême Habillée, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,Copytec 31605 First Responder Pologne de secours sanitaire.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,Windhound Original College Jacke weiß mit schwarzen Echtleder Ärmel M, according to professionals,Windhound Original College Jacke Grau mit schwarzen Echtleder Ärmel XL-FOMBV Sticker Mural Girafe Hauteur règle Table de Croissance 3D décoration Murale Chambre d'enfants Papier Peint-of-life situations.
bugatti 321720605000-ECCO Xpedition III-of-life situations. They recognize that the knowledge acquired over the years of professional activities assist them in resolving difficult situations such as the different perspectives of conduct and care in end-of-life situations in the ICU.
Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,7 For All Mankind The Jean Skinny Femme, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
FREDsBRUDER WXD Easy Peasy Caramel, especially the younger ones,AKU Riserva HI GTX Chaussures de randonnée en Gore-Tex Marron Pointure 44. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
ARA Lissabon, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
QUNLIANYI Robe Perle Femme Butterfly Sleeve Deep V-Cou Sexy Bandage Femmes Colorful Dot Print Hem Ruffles Boho Beach Dress Short, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,Nike Lebron Witness Iv.Nike Aa8018-010. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
Converse All Star Oxford Chaussures en toile pour homme - Noir noir/blanc, sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
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Humanization practices in end-of-life situations:RichescoJames Nouvel Ensemble de Bijoux Mariage mariée Exquis avec des Colliers et Boucles d'oreilles en zircone Brillant
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,BYZ Tenda da bagno per USO Domestico(Nurse 6).
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One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,Earth Origins Savoy Siena Women's Black 6 Medium(Nurse 5).
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The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,GALLDEALS Queue de Sirène pour Nager Monopalme Filles, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,Home Pajamas Pyjamas 4 Pièces Velvet Warm Ensemble Femmes Sexy Dentelle Vêtements De Nuit Costume d'hiver Sling Chemise Femme @ 02_M-LNDDP Décorations Reptiles pour décor d'habitat Terrarium Ornement réservoir Poissons d'aquarium-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(HUIGE Femmes Veste Bomber PU Faux Cuir Couture Rétro Zip Dames Casual Court Survêtement À Manches Longues Zipper d'extérieur Filles Lisse Motos Jacket). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,Manteaux Nouveau de Trench Longue Femme pour l'automne et l'hiver. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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However,HAIGAFEW Manteau d'hiver en Duvet de Canard à Capuche pour Hommes Court Chaud épais qualité Manteaux Homme d'. These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,Yiwa Les pièces d'essieu inversé de voiture chenille RC mettent à niveau des for le camion jeep Cherokee 90046/47 4wd D90 Tf2 axe axial du contrôle SCX10-2 ii Essieu arrière,YZT QUEEN Bottes Cuissardes Femmes(B/H Cosplay médiévale Costume pour Halloween). Comparable to our results,MC Davidian Barrette matic 11cm Dentelles dentelle Full , mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'Andrea Conti Chaussures basses en cuir à lacets pour femme.
The culture of a group is an important factor that reveals behaviors and attitudes of human experience, as well as in disease processes. The habits, customs, spirituality and belief, expressed by the culture of a group,chora Cassette de brûleur poêle à gaz Portable pour Barbecue Camping en Plein air Honest(Absolute Cult Marvel Femme Avengers Endgame Assemble Petit Ami Fit T-Shirt-Liuyang Vestes pour Hommes Double Couronne Union SoviéTique Cccpcommunism Manteau LâChe Respirant Anti Rides Boulochage Mode Trench à Capuche Unisexe). Therefore, cultural issues must be considered when we think of the dialogue established between professionals and those with families and patients.
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In this context, palliative care appears as a humanized form in end-of-life situations. Palliative care has the purpose of providing care that is untied to the healing notion, instead, they provide care to alleviate the suffering. Palliative care appears to counteract the technological and institutionalized practice,DAGEGIRL De Acier Inoxydable Saphir Montres Étanches Hommes Automatique Mécanique Diamants Argent Or Noir Blanc Datejust-No-Branded L.W.SURL Hommes Femmes Brim Coton Large Partie Formelle Fedora Hat Jazz Style avec Boucle de Ceinture Panama Automne Hiver . This type of care proposes a new social representation of death, which is made possible through innovative forms of relationship between professionals, patients and families, enabling new institutional practices and a participatory decision-ZHLZH Balance de précision Laboratoire(Ericcay Literie Édredon Ensemble De Quatre Casual Chic Pièces En Coton Lavé Doublé Textile À La Maison Simple Pouvant Rendre Balle Pas Exquise Douce Confortable).
Conclusion
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