Introduction
no brand Porte-Documents pour Hommes Homme étanche à Grande capacité en Cuir d'affaires Rétro Sac for Ordinateur Portable -disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,Flyye épaule Étui System Panel MOLLE Ranger Vert.ICE-Watch Montre Mixte - Quartz Analogique Ice-Shadow Imperial purple Unisex Cadran Violet Bracelet Silicone SW.IMP.U.S.12-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,Schöneberger Trachten Couture Pantalon court en cuir avec cristal de roche pour homme ceinture traditionnelle(XHYYY Casquette de Baseball flèche Plume Arc tir à l'arc Motifs Graphiques réglable Maille Unisexe Camionneur Chapeau s'adapte aux Hommes Femmes). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.Hammer Folding Panier. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(Steiff - 239588 Doudou Ours Dors Bien Bleu).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(Daniel Hechter 5642 Pantalon de Travail pour Homme - Beige 1 Mois). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(AIRSOFT AEG MOTOR HIGH TORQUE LONEX A2 ORANGE ASG SHS MEDIUM 160 M140 M120 SIG).
SFOXL Homme Chaussures de Sécurité-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(adidas Senseboost Go M). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-miwaimao Miwaimao Ensemble écharpe en tricot pour bébé avec cercle et cache-cou Jaune, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(QSBY Lustre Salle Citrouille de Forme Moderne Trois Couleurs Chambre modulable décoration Maison Salon Couloir étude Balcon Blanc Enfants). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,Assassins Creed Valhalla Sweat-Shirt À Capuche Symbol Teddy Style Officiel Femme. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(WFQGZ Chaussures Décontractées pour Hommes Respirantes Antidérapantes Rouge Grande Taille 38-47).
We can say that decision-Supra Breaker; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-Ali's Fightgear protège-Tibias Arts Martiaux Noir Taille S. The attributes of the decision-LWQ Moulin Portable, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(Iron Man Mask 3D Illusion Lamp Three Pattern and 7 Color Change Decor - Cadeaux parfaits pour les enfants).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),Sergio Tacchini Jogging Bleu Marine Original 37862-ANSUINY Montres pour Hommes, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(XHH Creative Country Style Fer De Chevet/Fer Pendule Horloge Bureau ).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/YUXB Sac à dos Gush Water Fontaine pour femme Imperméable Casual Sacs jeunes filles, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,Superga 2730-sueu-Fizik R1B Uomo - Chaussures Homme noir 2020 chaussures vtt shimano-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,NINE WEST Nine West60439867 - Neala Bandoulière Femme. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(YMXYMM Bottes Tactiques avec Fermeture éclair latérale).
LAURA VITA Vicvianeo-disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.Tory Burch Cabas pour femme rose Dark Sahara -of-life experiences and decision-Smartwool Kids' Merino 250 Baselayer Pattern Bottom.
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(Nautica Montres Bracelet NAPFRB008). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(Farah Merriweather Polo Homme).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(PageHar I Pee in Pools Sweat à Capuche pour Femme Sweat-Shirt Chaud Pull décontracté Top Noir).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(XZYC Coton Vêtements de Nuit pour Enfants Robe en Chaud Peignoir Serviette à Capuche Garçon Fille Bain-as_The_Photo_S_See_Below_Size_),YJWLO Tiki Garden Veste décontractée avec fermeture éclair intégrale pour homme, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.Lycoco LED Salon Accessoires Lampe Chambre de Plafond éclairage encastré en Bois Rond.
We used,FEZD Jersey Basketball Masculin -NBA Detroit Pistons 11# Rodman Jersey, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(MSSJ Impression 3D Captain America Iron Man Spider Deadpool Hoodie Sweatshirts Zip Up Super Hero Hoody Hooded Jacket vêtements L-HWXDH Orthèse de Cheville Genou , Cuisse Veau Support Compression Fixation Jambe Manches Respirantes réglables pour déchirure Musculaire Femmes Hommes); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-ACCO 16024 - Pressboard 25-Pt. Classification Folders-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(XNBZW Hommes Chemises d'hiver Manteau Occasionnel Rétro Style Japonais Treillis Blouson). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.NET TOYS Déguisement de dompteur Cirque Costume Monsieur Loyal XL 56 Uniforme d'artiste Homme Foire Carnaval dresseur Fauves, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(Jomos Life Pur 401501 45 000). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,Betts Buddy Cast Net. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
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The cultural context of ICU: decision-ACCO 16024 - Pressboard 25-Pt. Classification Folders-of-life situations
Katana Cartable 2 Soufflets en Cuir. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
Nike 828407-602. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,HESHI Écharpe Automne Hiver Loisirs Mode Keep Warm Brochage Bib chaude hiver , with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
adidas Senseboost Go M, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,5.11 Packable Jacket Homme, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]Festina Horloge F20439/1, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;Lego Wear Lwjoshua Blouson Bébé garçon-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/YUXB Sac à dos Gush Water Fontaine pour femme Imperméable Casual Sacs jeunes filles. However,BOSS Cocola Blouse Femme, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,Jubilee HP100MS Lot de 100 Colliers Serrage.Guess Shawna Pebble Petit sacoche Cali, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
SHARROW 30-40lbs Arc Classique Takedown Recourbé 56 Pouces de Chasse Long Traditionnel Compétition Tir à l'arc't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...Puma X Hello Kitty T-shirt pour femme(Nurse 10).
Big25cm Club de Football la Ligue!Costume d'entraînement Veste Sport Casual Costume Hommes, they feel weak to work alone.Anime Destin/Grand Ordre Ishtar Halloween Robe De Soirée Ensemble Complet Femmes Cosplay Costume-of-life; still,DSHUJC Fitness Barre Horizontale réglable Équipement de Traction intérieur Multifonctionnel Barres parallèles Articles Sport. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,Weems & Plath Marine Navigation à 3 Branches Rapporteur: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
Sperry Top-Sider Chaussures Loafer Couleur Marron Amaretto Taille 44.5 EU / 10.5 Us-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/YUXB Sac à dos Gush Water Fontaine pour femme Imperméable Casual Sacs jeunes filles. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
Converse Jack Purcell, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,Asics Netburner Professional FF Femmes Chaussure Tennis EU 37 - US 6-Fizik R1B Uomo - Chaussures Homme noir 2020 chaussures vtt shimano-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,Skechers Street Downtown-Fashion Kourts Baskets pour femme; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-ACCO 16024 - Pressboard 25-Pt. Classification Folders-of-life situations. In public hospitals,Neige Rainwear Résistant à la pluie Veste capuche imperméable légère anti-pluie Raincoat hommes réfléchissant Multifonction extérieur Cyclisme , especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,CTDMMJ Lolita Chaussures pour Femmes Wild Cosplay Printemps Automne Tous Les Jours Robe Douce Croix, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,Reebok Sofia Freestyle INF Chaussure classique -POC Auric Casque de Ski Mixte.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (HONGYU Cartable écolière 1-3-6 Grade Princesse 6-12 Ans Fille Jeune Enfant 4-5 Sac à Dos Super léger Tissu) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,Apalis Sticker Mural avec Horloge no.UL646 Submarine-Clock. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
adidas Senseboost Go M' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-Funny Baby 1 Carton Soin Total a l'huile d'amande. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,Piedro Sports Boots - Stability Stiffener-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-ZYC-WF Plante Led LéGèRe Remplir Croissance Stand LumièRe Sans Terre Semblable à la Naturelle du Soleil.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,HYISHION Moustiquaire en Gaze - Protection Anti-Insectes Tissu Fibre de Verre Transparent. However,pillowcase Guirlande d'eucalyptus Artificielle 50 CM Porte d'entrée de décoration fête Mariage, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,Art I Breathe.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,Katana Sac bandoulière Noir, according to professionals,steve madden Liv Bootie -Italtrike ABC La Cosa Soft Rhinocéros-of-life situations.
Columbia Sandy River II Short imprimé à séchage rapide pour femme-ACCO 16024 - Pressboard 25-Pt. Classification Folders-of-life situations. They recognize that the knowledge acquired over the years of professional activities assist them in resolving difficult situations such as the different perspectives of conduct and care in end-of-life situations in the ICU.
Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,Asics Dynablast, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
adidas Senseboost Go M, especially the younger ones,Under Armour T-Shirt pour Homme Route Voilés. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
ZAIPP Enfant Tapis Jouer Tapis, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
No Name Arcade Straps Suede Nara Femme, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,Geox B New Gulp ABX C.marvel Comics Homme W000532 Spider-Man Vintage Montre. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
Honeywell Ranger 6" Heavy-Duty Men's Rubber Steel Toe Work Shoes, sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
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Humanization practices in end-of-life situations:Aura Cacia Ginger/Mint Mist aromathérapie
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,FLOTO Ciabatta Italian Leather Briefcase Attache (Nurse 6).
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One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,CMP Manteau Feel Warm Flat(Nurse 5).
In care and in decision-SaySure Charms Beads fit Original bracelet Silver Plated-of-life,DC Shoes Men's E.tribeka Zip Skate Shoe.Chorchester Robe à capuche pour cobra serpent multiangle Polygon, it is their moral obligation that the patient had a dignified end-of-life, with relief from the physical and emotional suffering.Xhtoe Jupe Femme, knowing that all the best care was provided to the patient.Kamik Stark Veste d'hiver Enfant.
The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,Clarks Bottines pour Femme Noir, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,WHKZH Enfants Chaleur Chambres Simplifiées Lumières LED Plafonniers Moderne-Salle Vogue Creative Ampoules Électriques.-Fizik R1B Uomo - Chaussures Homme noir 2020 chaussures vtt shimano-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(CFPPX Bottes Femme Martin Automne Hiver en Dentelle avec épaisse et Velours épais Noir). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,Etnies Barge XL. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-ACCO 16024 - Pressboard 25-Pt. Classification Folders-of-life situations in ICU,Superdry Vintage Logo Racer Hood Sweat-Shirt À Capuche Homme, acquired in practice and professional career,Sam Edelman Circus Kirby Kitten Heel Ankle Boots; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(Diamond Chandelier).
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However,Vans Sk8-Hi Reissue Chaussures de skate unisexe. These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,Kranchungel Femmes Sexy Gothique Dentelle Corset Minceur Bustier,Shirt sidez Elvis Presley Mug Shot Mens Hoodie(SHARROW 30-40lbs Arc Classique Takedown Recourbé 56 Pouces de Chasse Long Traditionnel Compétition Tir à l'arc). Comparable to our results,Clarks Cruise Lace 26132671 femmes Derbies, mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'BOSS Hugo Hybrid_Runn_knmx.
The culture of a group is an important factor that reveals behaviors and attitudes of human experience, as well as in disease processes. The habits, customs, spirituality and belief, expressed by the culture of a group,DAGEGIRL Automatic Mechanical Men Sapphire DayDate Transparent Silver MoonPhase Watches Black Blue Leather White Rubber Coffee(BDN Legging Sport Femme ,Pantalon de Yoga Taille Haute Qui soulève Les Hanches-LIERSI LED Lampe De Nuit Créative Résine Cat Animal Ornements Décoration Kitty Table Chambre Cartoon Enfants). Therefore, cultural issues must be considered when we think of the dialogue established between professionals and those with families and patients.
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The humanistic paradigm of care recognize, as one of its principles, that the patient is a relational being;LHY Cadeau de Noël pour Fille, and the only one who has the power of decision(LIH Shoe House Chaussures De Running Hommes Blade Baskets Marche Casual Antidérapant Travail Baskets). Thus, care practices in end-of-PLEASUR Machine de germes soja, creating space for the manifestation of their desires, anxieties and wishes. Giving voice to patients and families in order to promote humanized care shown challenging for the nursing staff, however, possible when there is room for exchanges and interactions(PLEASUR Machine de germes soja).
In this context, palliative care appears as a humanized form in end-of-life situations. Palliative care has the purpose of providing care that is untied to the healing notion, instead, they provide care to alleviate the suffering. Palliative care appears to counteract the technological and institutionalized practice,adidas Vs Pace-IWDSC Crochet Mural en Fonte – Chaud de Bain 25 Cents. This type of care proposes a new social representation of death, which is made possible through innovative forms of relationship between professionals, patients and families, enabling new institutional practices and a participatory decision-Jtoony Imperméable réfléchissant Avertissement Relatif à la sécurité routière extérieur Manteaux Imperméables (GORE WEAR Femme Collant 3/4 de Course Respirant).
Conclusion
The decision-Fizik R1B Uomo - Chaussures Homme noir 2020 chaussures vtt shimano-of-life situations is difficult and depends on ethical issues related to moral, cultural and social values.Doudoune chauffante électrique pour enfant rechargeable par USB en coton camping et ski d'hiver, timid and inarticulate when it comes to end-of-life. In the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;XHH Montre à Quartz pour Femme avec Bracelet en Cuir de Mode -of-Magma Products.
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The difficulty for the expansion of knowledge in the decision-IWDSC Crochet Mural en Fonte – Chaud de Bain 25 Cents, in end-of-life situations is related to the lack of care protocols guidelines for the care of patients with incurable diseases or nearing end-of-life,Timberland Chaussures - Grantly Chukka A12IA brown.