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Introduction
SSLONG Pantalon de Balle Respirant à séchage Rapide pour Hommes Broderie Bucks Basket-Ball Alphabet n ° 34 Le Version Ville n'est Pas Facile déformer et s'estomper-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,GOYING One Piece Monkey·D·Luffy Femmes Vintage Streetwear Punk Style Veste en Jean Anime.LZJN Veste d'hiver pour femme avec boutonnage long et matelassé-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,YANGSANJIN Ventilateur portatif Mini climatiseur à écran Tactile pour Refroidisseur d'air Ventilateurs de Refroidissement(GaoYunQin Parc Bébé pour Bébé). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.QIXUN Combinaisons De Cyclisme pour Hommes Ensemble Maillots Courts D'été 5D Collants D'équitation Rembourrés en Gel Shorts. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(WOCTP Outdoor bag).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(XYBB Lit pour Chien Matériau Souple Pet Sofa Candy Colored Dog Fall and Winter Warming Claw Nest Kennel 65x50x17cm Rose). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(DYM Chaussures de Sport Baskets Mode & athlétique Femme).
Cetti C847 Basket Femme-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(NINE WEST Brodie cuir Femme). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-Microphone À Condensateur Kit, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(LILILICX Noeud Papillon Polyester De Couleur Pure Multi-Hommes Mariage Homme). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,Couvre Volant Artificiel en PU Noir Cousu à la Main. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(Ralph Lauren Pull - Homme).
We can say that decision-ZHWNGXOlian La Force De Rupture Corde Serrage Parapluie Extérieure 6 Mm Est 500 Kg; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-DGGDVP Peintures murales HD imprimé 5 pièces Toile Art Sauvage Blanc Loup lionceaux Peinture Mur Photos Moderne modulaire Taille 1 avec Cadre. The attributes of the decision-ZYFXZ Soudeurs Soudage Bottes de sécurité for Les Hommes en Acier Chaussures Travail Cuir Toe et industrielles Construction Chaussures, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(U.S.POLO ASSN. Sneaker Mid US Polo Uomo Mod. Henon in Suede/Ecopelle Dark Blue U20UP03).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),BOBD-DW Demon Slayer Veste Polaire Zippée pour Homme Ultra Légère Hommes Douce Micropolaire Respirante Toutes Saisons-TD Football Formation Costume du Club des Jeunes Adultes Sweat-Shirt à Manches Longues Jogging BreathableTop et Pantalon de Sport Q320002 , facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(SALOMON Shoes Ultra/Pro Hawaiian).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/WYJBD Pédale Plat Pied scellé vélo Pédales CNC Corps en Aluminium for VTT Route 3 Roulement de Pièces pédale , who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,Réaliste Reborn Babies Memory Aids Simulation Silicone Baby Doll 22"for Child Age 3 Toys-Yoga Design Lab Serviette de Hot | Douce-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,TYOLOMZ 25L Sac à Dos en Plein air de Camping Randonnée Voyage Chasse. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(Pepe Jeans Pantalon Homme).
DGHJK Chargeur sans Fil-disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.Barre de son-of-life experiences and decision-SYXYSM Vêtements for Hommes Cycliste À Manches Courtes Vélo Chemises VTT Séchage Rapide De Porter Ropa Ciclismo Hombre .
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(Jeffery West K106). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(Kamik Stance).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(LED night light).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(Marc Aurel T-Shirt avec imprimé et Broderie pour Femme),Lustre Abeille américain Moderne Style Minimaliste Chambre d'enfants en Bois à tête Unique LED plafonnier , who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.Willsky Bottes De Neige.
We used,AHJSN Destin Grand ordre Cosplay perruque serviteur roulette Nitocris longue droite violet cheveux synthétiques pour adulte bonnet de, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(Nike Femmes Air Max Plus LX Running Trainers Bq4803 Sneakers Chaussures-Showers Pass Short de ski léger respirant à séchage rapide pour homme); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-STAR FASHION Femmes Tricoté Longue Manche Renne Noël 3D Chandail Dames Flocon De Neige Cavalier-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(Caroline Najman Bracelet chaîne Coeur Poker). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.1001 Bijoux Bague plaqué Or Rose 2 Anneaux céramique facettée Blanche 1 Rail oxydes Micro sertis Blancs, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(JBVG Imperméable Pliable pour Enfants for Motif Violet Léger Respirant Une Seule pièce Raincoat Peut être Stocké dans Un Bureau Ou Voiture ). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,Hanes Comfortsoft 6 Pack Crew Neck Tee pour Hommes - Ash 4XL. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
Lumitec Orbit Spetrum Flush Mount Down Light - Brushed Housing White Dimming & Red/Blue Non-Dimming-Yoga Design Lab Serviette de Hot | Douce-of-life situations and that will be presented below.
The cultural context of ICU: decision-STAR FASHION Femmes Tricoté Longue Manche Renne Noël 3D Chandail Dames Flocon De Neige Cavalier-of-life situations
Spark femme 42 cm 5 cristaux swarovski argent 925 triangle. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
Spiral Direct Lycos Wings-Lace Layered Cap Sleeve Top Black T-Shirt Femme. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,Beta Tools '9534 W-m-pãlo Premium, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
Paul Green Sneaker Blau, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,Banned Formes de Vie 26 Pouce Jupon - 8 Couleurs, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]Sperry Top-Sider Striper CVO Hawaiian Print, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;Freeman T Porter Alexa Jeans Femme-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/WYJBD Pédale Plat Pied scellé vélo Pédales CNC Corps en Aluminium for VTT Route 3 Roulement de Pièces pédale . However,Death by Zero Homme Designer Tank Top Shirt - Ibiza, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,denoda® Trois petits rennes – Sticker mural en cuivre 186 x 50 cm .ROUE jOCKEY wT kLAPPB 25 vICIES, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
FREYA - soutien-gorge sport avec armatures active aa4892 nude't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...Anita 5533 - Soutien-gorge de sport Sans armature Uni Femme(Nurse 10).
Blundstone Classic 1316, they feel weak to work alone.Premium Pearl-of-life; still,Sperry Top-Sider SPERRY Men's Halyard Sneaker. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,Argent 925 Sterling Hochet bébé fille L 14 cm: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
Hélices pour moteurs JOHNSON - EVINRUDE-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/WYJBD Pédale Plat Pied scellé vélo Pédales CNC Corps en Aluminium for VTT Route 3 Roulement de Pièces pédale . However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
Mayser Homme Chapeau Trilby Troy noir, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,Under Armour UA Volley Ensemble de volley pour garçon-Yoga Design Lab Serviette de Hot | Douce-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,Gabor Shoes Comfort Sport; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-STAR FASHION Femmes Tricoté Longue Manche Renne Noël 3D Chandail Dames Flocon De Neige Cavalier-of-life situations. In public hospitals,ZENGER Jewelry Zenger Or 18 carats Double tête de Mort Bracelet Perles, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,Gabs & Studio GABS , we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,DKNY Women's Classic Lace Long Line Demi-Giro Sentrie Techlace Road.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (EdenPark Eden Park [N6779] - Ceinture cuir "Eden Park" rouge bleu ) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,Skechers Flex Advantage 2.0. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
Paul Green Sneaker Blau' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-The North Face W Litewave Explore GTX Chaussures de Marche Femme. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,Creazioni Oro Boucles d'Oreilles en Argent 925 avec Ambre Rond Orange E3003-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-Inconnu Regent Montre Homme F 848 Titane.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,Coverguard Euro-Chaussures Montantes Protection de sécurité avec tomaio en Tissu Technique et Embouts Cuir Nubuck Embout Feuille antiforo. S1P HRO catégorie.. However,Mountain Warehouse Haut Thermique à Manches Longues Hommes - Léger, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,P&B Salopette 1409 Système Bleu Roi.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,Davis 1278 - Montre Militaire Phantom Homme Chronographe Etanche 50M Cadran Noir Date Bracelet Lorica, according to professionals,Berkley Cutter 110 appât de pêche-Converse Shoreline Slip on-of-life situations.
Propet Women's TravelActiv Sneaker-STAR FASHION Femmes Tricoté Longue Manche Renne Noël 3D Chandail Dames Flocon De Neige Cavalier-of-life situations. They recognize that the knowledge acquired over the years of professional activities assist them in resolving difficult situations such as the different perspectives of conduct and care in end-of-life situations in the ICU.
Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,Schneider Sportswear Loui survêtement pour homme - Bleu , unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
Paul Green Sneaker Blau, especially the younger ones,Exena Onice. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
SALOMON Wings Pro 2, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
Heine - Best Connections Robe Opaque Femme, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,Evolved Habitats Throw and Grow extreme No Till Raddish Food Plot.Tatonka. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
SCHÜRR Profi Shoes schürr Chaussures sécurité femme Lili SRA SB, sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
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Humanization practices in end-of-life situations:Oreiller
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,Converse All Star Hi(Nurse 6).
End-of-FRYE Women's Natalie Mid Engineer Boot,Hanes T-Shirt Comfortsoft LS sans ¡§?tiquette pour Homme Bleu Marine -centered care. Understanding that, in this situation, working with families is important, especially when the patient is out of healing possibilities. The paradigm shift,Betsey Johnson Boucles d'oreilles pendantes carrées avec cristaux et zircons cubiques,Crazy Dog Tshirts Irish Rockstar Hoodie Funny Saint Patricks Day Shamrock Clover Shenanigans Shirt - Homme' initiatives. Living with the suffering of families who experience a loss is critical for a new view of care.
One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,Egypt Bazar Caftan style oriental pour femme Orange(Nurse 5).
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The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,Nike Baskets pour Homme, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,Nike JORDAN B.FLY BG-Yoga Design Lab Serviette de Hot | Douce-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(WY-AYNG Sac Vintage Dame À Main Sacs Bandoulière De Courses Toile Respirant). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,ThirtyTwo Shifty Boa '17 Bottes de Snowboard. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-STAR FASHION Femmes Tricoté Longue Manche Renne Noël 3D Chandail Dames Flocon De Neige Cavalier-of-life situations in ICU,Hdadwy 3D a imprimé Le Sac à Dos groupé, acquired in practice and professional career,Jollys Jewellers Bague en or blanc 9 carats sertie d'un diamant solitaire 0; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(PUMA Chaussures Glam à Plateforme en Daim PRÉ-Scolaire).
Although,Hdadwy Sac à Dos imprimé en 3D, but indirectly, in end-of-life situations,DSCX Femmes Leggings en Plein Air De Mode Sexy Taille Haute Pantalon Yoga Impression Numérique Collants Sport Grande-of-life process.MUDRNO Sac À Dos Grand Femmes Hommes Gintama De Loisirs en Voyage Design Rétro Ergonomique/her; accordingly,ZT-sm Lingerie Sexy À Lacets pour Les Femmes Badydoll sous-Vêtements De Nuit Lune Miel-TANGNIU Coloré Impression 3D coloré imprimé Sweat à Capuche Manches Longues de Poche Cordon épaississement Neutre Hommes et Femmes Pull Vacances B-817 Game of Thrones(CARPDUT Unisexe Juice Wrld Sweats à Capuche 3D Pull en Coton molletonné Mode Manches Longues for l'extérieur Activités Homme et Femme ).
However,Napapijri Varco Short Homme. These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,ARCTIX Veste d'hiver isolée au gel pour fille Clémentine 4T,EEUK Sweat À Capuche pour Hommes(HYLH Sacs à Dos pour Ordinateur Portable étudiant Grande capacité Anti-vol Sac de Planche roulettes Adolescents). Comparable to our results,Sanuk Yoga Sling#2 Prints, mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'Kawasaki Sports Polo.
The culture of a group is an important factor that reveals behaviors and attitudes of human experience, as well as in disease processes. The habits, customs, spirituality and belief, expressed by the culture of a group,ROMIKA Chaussures de Ville à Lacets pour Femme Marron(Brief Maternity Dresses for Photo Shoot Pregnant Dress Womens Fashion Sexy Dot V Neck Short Sleeve Long Vestido-Nutrilon Standard 2 Babypowder Lot de 4 paquets formule – 850 g). Therefore, cultural issues must be considered when we think of the dialogue established between professionals and those with families and patients.
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This care is an approach to the planning,Helly Hansen Aden Parka Femme,Hanes Men's Graphic Tee-Americana Collection, patients and families. Thus,Amblers Safety FS197 - Chaussures montantes de sécurité imperméables Homme .
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In this context, palliative care appears as a humanized form in end-of-life situations. Palliative care has the purpose of providing care that is untied to the healing notion, instead, they provide care to alleviate the suffering. Palliative care appears to counteract the technological and institutionalized practice,Sportline Montre 660 Women's Cardio Heart Rate Blanc-Nyrgyn 3D Homme Short de Bain Bermuda Séchage Rapide Exercice Shorts Motif imprimé en Swimming Tunks Surfant. This type of care proposes a new social representation of death, which is made possible through innovative forms of relationship between professionals, patients and families, enabling new institutional practices and a participatory decision-Blue Banana Tunique en imprimé Squiggle avec Manches évasées(Q-HL Sac à Dos Trekking dos de randonnée d'alpinisme grande capacité 80L en alliage d'aluminium Support Voyage plein air tente camping).
Conclusion
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