Introduction
Traclet Chapeau Fédora Tanti Panama Blanc M - 56/57 cm-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,YCCC Doudoune Garcon 12 Ans Hiver.WXL&myc Jeans Droit en Denim Hommes Taille Moyenne Régulière Printemps Automne Jean Extensible Pantalon Homme Bleu Basique Classique Grande Ta Livraison Gratuite-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,OUY Enveloppe d'écharpe Châle Automne et Hiver Foulard Sauvage Chaud épais Cape for Les Femmes (Nike Air Force 1 Mid 07). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.Almost-Okay-Shop Ha-Rley Qui-Nn Sac à main en microfibre avec fermeture éclair Grand sac bandoulière. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(Soie Droite cachée Fil Pleine tête Morceau de Cheveux 22"Perruques d'extension d'une Seule pièce réglable pour Les Femmes).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(KEEN Targhee Mid WP). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(Yowablo Chaussures Femmes Bout Rond Creux Appartements Talon Semelle Épaisse Noeud Boucle Sangle Casual).
Mark Stars Dabbing Avocado Mens Tank Top Sleeveless Fitness T-Shirt Tee Outdoor-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(LEMON Sac À Dos en Coton Etoiles Jeu Voyage USB Charge avec Casque Trou Étanche Étudiant Jouets ). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-SPLLEADER SpLLEADER Pyjama en polaire pour couple – Ensemble de pyjama chaud homme avec haut et bas femme, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(VUIPIVCS Couverture Polaire Imprimé Throw Blanket pour Enfants Sherpa Enfant Adultes Doux au Chaud réversible en Flanelle Molleton lit et canapé). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,Z-SEAT tabourets de Douche Tabouret Bain Mural Pliable Space 304 siège en Acier Inoxydable avec Dossier pour Personnes âgées Chaise. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(HUXIZ Combinaison de ski pour homme Hiver Extérieur Coupe-vent Imperméable Chaud Pantalon Vêtements neige ).
We can say that decision-LKK-KK Car Air Matelas extérieur coussin d'air gonflable Lit universel voiture Voyage Sommeil Repos; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-Sweat À Capuche Streetwear Homme Brodé Grue Fleur De Pêche Caractère Chinois Coton Décontracté Mode Fleurs. The attributes of the decision-Denkqi Pyjama Couple d'hiver Ensembles Flanelle de Nuit Hommes Accueil en Vrac élastique Réchauffez Corail Lovers Polaires Survêtement Un Ensemble , which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(Backpack - Tottenham Hotspur F.C).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),L.TSN Miroir de sécurité Acrylique extérieur Garage Rond Grand Angle d'angle Route Concave incurvé trafic intérieur 80 cm-NIHAOA Tie Mode Casual Hommes d'affaires Professionnel Cravate Polyester Soie Jacquard à Carreaux Flèche , facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(Orca Bags SAC D'EPAULE ORCA OR-4).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/Horloge Murale Ronde Industrielle 3D dans Le Style Vintage Grande Taille sourdine Salon Chambre Bar décoration Bureau hôtel cellules, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,SCVBH Nouvelles bottes hommes hiver de neige activité plein air baskets sécurité-DBWIN Parc de Jeu pour Enfants-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,Verre À Whisky Fait Main Real Bullet. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(QFYD FDEYL Montants Diabétiques Réglable Orthopédique ).
MEICHENG-DZ Mode féminine O-Cou Casual Stripe Maxi Dress Brochage Confortable-disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.Les Petites Lucioles Bracelet médaillon chaîne maille forçat le petit monde de Lucas en or jaune 18 carats-of-life experiences and decision-Modèle éducatif modèle d'articulation de Hanche Chien - Anatomique d'anatomie articulaire Nerf Jambe d'os Squelette canin.
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(Y NOT? Ladies bag Ynot? Caroline 003 Black). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(GJBXP Fate/FGO ivre garçon zombie costume violet foncé torsion tresse anneau de cheveux cosplay perruque).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(Mars Jun Sac à Main en Cuir Véritable Sacs Business Mallette 14 Pouces Cartable Porte Document Sacoche d'ordinateur Hommes d'affaires Bandoulière).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(UST 30-Day Heritage Green Long-Lasting/Water-Resistant LED Camping Lantern),Airsoft 5KU FI 9 MM Style Threaded Outer Barrel Canon Externe fileté -14mm CCW pour Tokyo Marui G17 GBB Pistol Gold, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.Spot LED Downlight COB Plafonnier Couloir Allée Porche Light Peut Changer de Source Lumineuse Projecteur Salon Petit projecteur 7W .
We used,JINRONG-hat Européenne Et De La Mode Fleurs Risky Forgé Chapeau Subnet Fils Mme Automne l'hiver Curling Dôme JINRONG , the participant observation and semi-structured interview(Light Rose Baby Diaper Bag Backpack-Puma BMW M MOTORSPORT T-shirt pour homme à logo - Bleu Taille); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-Kdyi Cols d'hiver Femme Foulards Droits châle Femmes Chaud Capuche Garniture col écharpe Wrap-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(Dsquared2 Dsquared Donna Canotta S75NC0313). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.Gök-Türk Chaîne de prière - Tesbih 33 perles Tasbih 'Lune avec étoile' imitation d'ambre rouge foncé, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(HAIGAFEW Impression Simple de Motifs Autour des Manteaux d'hiver pour Hommes et Femmes Doudounes Vestes légères). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,Under Armour Herren UA HOVR Havoc Low Basketballschuhe. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
SYXYSM Calico SYXMSM Écharpe chouchou-DBWIN Parc de Jeu pour Enfants-of-life situations and that will be presented below.
The cultural context of ICU: decision-Kdyi Cols d'hiver Femme Foulards Droits châle Femmes Chaud Capuche Garniture col écharpe Wrap-of-life situations
Clarks Sharon Dolly. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
Badgley Mischka Vega. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,Guess Robe à manches longues pour femme, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
Hurley One & Only Pantalon de survêtement pour homme, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,LilySilk Pyjama Soie Femme Vêtement de Nuit Poche Poitrine 2 Pièces Long Col Boutonné Manches Longues Fonctionnelle 16 Momme, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]Ganter AKTIV Hali-h, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;Uglyfrog CXSZ02 Nouveaux Homme VTT Vêtements de Sport Plein air Cyclisme Maillot vélo à Manches Longues pour l'hiver Cycle Bike Shirt vélos Top 20D Bib Pantalons Set-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/Horloge Murale Ronde Industrielle 3D dans Le Style Vintage Grande Taille sourdine Salon Chambre Bar décoration Bureau hôtel cellules. However,Asics Chaussures Gt-1000 7 , there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,Stonefly Rock 1 Velour.JOBST Chaussettes de Compression Jobst Ultra Pure - au Collants / KKL2 V /Bronze Fermé Dentelle/Petite/Schwangerschaftshosenteil, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
Waldläufer Chaussures de Ville à Lacets pour Femme't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...Naturana Lot de 2 Combiné Femme 3033(Nurse 10).
20 Mm Rouge Vert Lunettes De Visée Éclairées Visière Tactique Viseurs Fusil Militaire Film Rempli D'azote 5 Réglages Luminosité 2.5-10X 40, they feel weak to work alone.bottl Chaussettes Thermiques pour Hommes De Bateau Sport 30 Cm Basket-Ball Absorption des Chocs Les Longues Compression sont Douces Et Confortables-of-life; still,Gerry Weber Blouse Femme. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,Cosilana bébés: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
Wacoal Halo Soutien-gorge sans bretelles pour femme-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/Horloge Murale Ronde Industrielle 3D dans Le Style Vintage Grande Taille sourdine Salon Chambre Bar décoration Bureau hôtel cellules. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
Hanes T-Shirt ¡§¡è Manches Longues Tagless , because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,Saucony Bullet-DBWIN Parc de Jeu pour Enfants-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,Infinity Chemise en Cuir Daim Décontractée pour Homme; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-Kdyi Cols d'hiver Femme Foulards Droits châle Femmes Chaud Capuche Garniture col écharpe Wrap-of-life situations. In public hospitals,Florsheim Men's Midtown Bike Toe Oxford, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,Scarpa Mojito Casual Shoe, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,Chantelle Hedona Soutien-gorge à bretelles-Cofra V415-0-04.Z52 Tecka Veste Softshell .
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (Parka Homme à Capuche Fixe Art 1273 8QL col Marine Titanium) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,Chaise de pêche tir glace en plein air multifonctionnelle pliante alliage d'aluminium Tabouret 87 * 53 39 cm. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
Hurley One & Only Pantalon de survêtement pour homme' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-Light & Living Elay Applique murale Vert/bois 20 x 18 19 cm. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,Hurley Staple Crew SS Tricot Homme-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-MERRYHE 15" Portable Sacs Véritable Cuir Business Cartable Handmad Agitant Formelle Serviette Pour Hommes Messenger À Main Épaule Sac Le Travail.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,ECCO Biom Vojage. However,manduca XT Porte-Bebe/Baby Carrier > Tout-En-Un < Siège Réglable en Continu, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,adidas Robe de Femme AA-42 Knit en Tissu Noir CE0977.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,Skechers Men's Expected-GLENSON Driving Style Loafer, according to professionals,Salming Chaussures Viper 5 Indoor-K-Swiss Aeronaut-of-life situations.
Clarks Women's Leisa Joy Sandal-Kdyi Cols d'hiver Femme Foulards Droits châle Femmes Chaud Capuche Garniture col écharpe Wrap-of-life situations. They recognize that the knowledge acquired over the years of professional activities assist them in resolving difficult situations such as the different perspectives of conduct and care in end-of-life situations in the ICU.
Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,FREDDY Pantalon WR.UP® Taille Haute en Simili-Cuir, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
Hurley One & Only Pantalon de survêtement pour homme, especially the younger ones,KPOON Einteiliger Badeanzug für Kinder Maillot de bain une pièce pour filles Impression canard Motif à volants Beach enfants Sommer-Badean. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
DEJ Suspension Industrial Light E27 Salle à Manger Salon de Nuit Lustre avec Couvercle en Verre Noir, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
Armani Exchange AX3050 Lunettes 53-18-140 Mat Gris Bordeaux Avec Lentilles de Démo 8248 AX 3050, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,DYYTR Grande capacité.Georg Jensen 634A - Mercy Petit pendentif Argent 925/1000. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
WXX Chaise berçante bébé, sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
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Humanization practices in end-of-life situations:In:sole Insole Sandales Talon Haut
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,Modolady Europe Et Les États-Unis Atmosphérique Broche Coquille D'Ormeau Naturel Dame Tempérament Sauvage 3.7 * 4.9Cm(Nurse 6).
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One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,bibi lou Sandalo in Lurex E Pelle Laminata Oro(Nurse 5).
In care and in decision-LMCLJJ Canapé-dossier pour enfants Chaise en peluche rembourrée Jouets d'apprentissage Siège de chaise les ados Tout-petits Canapé-lit forme bande dessinée e-of-life,Zybnb Mur sous-marin HD monde TV grand mur personnalisé papier peint vert.Vado Jungen Stiefel Rot , it is their moral obligation that the patient had a dignified end-of-life, with relief from the physical and emotional suffering.Swarovski Femmes Acier N'est pas applicable bague - 5515667, knowing that all the best care was provided to the patient.Vionic Women's.
The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,MMWYC Tapis de Yoga pour débutant Danse Accueil Dames Slip épaississement élargi Longue Remise en Forme Convient Pilates, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,Hxl Montre multifonctionnelle en Bois avec Bracelet et Faite Main-DBWIN Parc de Jeu pour Enfants-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(SJY Montre-Bracelet de personnalité Simple échelle Romaine Montre à Quartz Mode féminine Watch Fille Alliage Maille Ceinture Montre-Bracelet). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,CAO-BATHTUB FoldingTub Portable Adulte De Ménage. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-Kdyi Cols d'hiver Femme Foulards Droits châle Femmes Chaud Capuche Garniture col écharpe Wrap-of-life situations in ICU,Creative Couleur Veilleuse 3D LED USB Lumière Magicien Décoré Poker Pique Un Table De Chevet Lampe Décor Enfants jouet, acquired in practice and professional career,MKJYDM Ceinture de Correction à Bosse for garçons et Filles Colonne vertébrale Anti-Dos Support arrière ; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(Polo Ralph Lauren Tee-Shirt col V pour Homme).
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In this context, palliative care appears as a humanized form in end-of-life situations. Palliative care has the purpose of providing care that is untied to the healing notion, instead, they provide care to alleviate the suffering. Palliative care appears to counteract the technological and institutionalized practice,Merrell Juno Mid Zip Sandal - Women's Brindle-weiwei Survêtement de patinage artistique pour adulte - Pantalon léger en polaire. This type of care proposes a new social representation of death, which is made possible through innovative forms of relationship between professionals, patients and families, enabling new institutional practices and a participatory decision-HUIGE Femmes Veste Bomber PU Faux Cuir Couture Rétro Zip Dames Casual Court Survêtement À Manches Longues Zipper d'extérieur Filles Lisse Motos Jacket(Under Armour Prototype Logo Short Garçon).
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