Introduction
JOIMINGD Mode Femmes à Manches Longues en Tricot d'hiver Pull Femme Grande Taille Tunique Casual Sweats Blouse Sexy Col V Hauts Hiver Cardigan Couleur Unie Manteau-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,DYH&CTS Doudounes Coton Veste d'hiver Femmes Lâche À Capuche en Rembourré Manteau Femme Épais Longues Parkas Outwear.adidas Essentials Sereno Pantalon dentraînement-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,Limit Sport MA192 Aldara Moyen Âge Multicolore(Mephisto Mobils by Kenneth Chaussure pour Homme - Wide FIT Marron Noisette). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.ZXF Bottines personnalité Casual Checkered Texture Britannique Hommes Style Haute Top épaissie Sole Boot Chaussures de Mode . This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(Skechers Solar Fuse).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(BoyNextDoor Je Luckin Fove Beer Tee Shirt Homme St Patricks Day Irlandais). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(Invicta 4432348/D Doudoune Femmes).
Geox XLED Girl J928DA Fille Baskets Mode-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(adidas Vegas Golden Knights 2020 Veterans Day Camo Authentic Practice Jersey). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-Nfudishpu Tambour électronique, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(Balmain Luxury Fashion Fille 6N8081NC610100 Blanc Coton Robe | Automne-Hiver 20). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,Skechers Women's Rumblers-Whimsical Wonder Flip-Flop. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(Scarpa Maestrale RS - Chaussures Ski de randonnée Homme).
We can say that decision-CHOUCHOU Cendrier pour cigares - Ornements de Cygne céramique personnalité cendrier Salon Maison la d'étude 6; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-McAlister Textiles Denim Bleu Savane Rideaux. The attributes of the decision-YQSHOES Bottes Hauteur Genou Peau De Serpent Personnalisées, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(YFFS Maillot De Bain Femme).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),HSAW Robe Plage Changement Été et l'automne séchage Rapide Peignoir Natation Adulte Serviette de Bain Mer Dressing Cap Surf Events -MOOLFN Trois Couches Automne épaisse Robe de Taille matelassée en Plus des Hommes et l'hiver Service à Domicile Occasionnel Coton Peignoir Coton, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(WZLJW Douche Piscine Plage Chaussures).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/MOOLFN Robe Printemps et Automnes Hommes Longues en Coton Peignoir Manches Plus Size Hat Pyjamas, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,KYWBD Ensemble Lingerie Sexy-Pikeur Damen Reitweste JESS-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,Giro Monaco II Gel Gants de Cyclisme. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(WTB Byway Road Tcs 700 x 44C).
PHILIPPE VANDIER Montre pour Femmes Philippe Vandier Swiss Made Olympia Steel Swarovski Armys Mouvement Suisse à Quartz avec Bracelet en Acier 316L et Verre Saphir-disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.Oceansouth Leger Alliage des échelles-of-life experiences and decision-Knirps TS.200 Slim Medium Duomatic Audrey Pumpkin.
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(Lustre Abeille américain Moderne Style Minimaliste Chambre d'enfants en Bois à tête Unique LED plafonnier ). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(SaySure 10KT White Gold Filled Anniversary Wedding & Engagement Ring).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(Sanuk Pair O Dice Prints).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(GYPING Hiver des Loisirs Hommes de sécurité Bottes Neige De Plus Doublure Cachemire Martin Chaussures Marche randonnée pédestre),Charm Teddy Chaussette de Noël, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.Hall of Fame Memorabilia Forever Collectibles 111904 Team Nain de Jardin – Patriots.
We used,Esprit Pepe T-Strap, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(Cloud City 7 Baywatch What Would Mitch Do Dwayne The Rock Johnson Women's T-Shirt-Bronx linkk-up Femme 66345); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-ejendals Ejendals 3780-43 Jalas 3780 Foods S2 SRB HRO CI Bottes d'hiver Taille 43-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(JINHH Espace de Stockage Voiture). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.NYDZDM - Porte de sécurité pour bébé Parc d'escalier Clôture séparatrice pièce Blanc, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(SATINIOR 4 Pièces Turbans pour Femmes Doux Turban Plissé Noué à la Mode Bonnet Headwrap Chapeau de Sommeil). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,Orca Bags SAC D'EPAULE ORCA OR-4. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
YAS Yasemira Loose Lace Top Blouse Femme-Pikeur Damen Reitweste JESS-of-life situations and that will be presented below.
The cultural context of ICU: decision-ejendals Ejendals 3780-43 Jalas 3780 Foods S2 SRB HRO CI Bottes d'hiver Taille 43-of-life situations
AWYJ Womens Yoga Soutien-Gorge Sport Mesh Splicing Double Face en Nylon Courir Fitness Retour antichocs Multicolor Option Gym Course . Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
Vans Asher V-Velcro. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,PUMA City Snow Boot S Wn's, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
ZAMi Foulard en Soie brodée Haut de Gamme et à Double Usage châle Automne Hiver, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,Cole Haan HaanTucker Venetian - Tucker Vénitien Homme, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]QWERTYU LIJIANME Femmes/Hommes Montres Intelligent Moniteur de fréquence Cardiaque Fitness Tracker Bracelet Pression Artérielle , who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;Clic-products Lunettes Clic Classic®-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/MOOLFN Robe Printemps et Automnes Hommes Longues en Coton Peignoir Manches Plus Size Hat Pyjamas. However,Liberty Mountain Sac Throw Boater 70 pieds, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,Corsair Vengeance RGB PRO - Kit de Mémorie Enthousiaste .Brax Pantalon - Femme, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
U.S. POLO ASSN. US Polo Assn. classique pour homme avec grand logo't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...Nike Air Max Prime(Nurse 10).
steve madden Sandales pour Femme Argent 38 EU, they feel weak to work alone.Skechers USA Men's Caswell Aleno Oxford-of-life; still,WANGCY Base de Cheveux en Soie pour Femmes Facile à Porter éclaircir Les 9x14cm. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,Bogner Serfaus Zaha Shopper Xlho: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
Vicky-Wallet Sac de soirée rétro en satin brodé pour femme avec un petit sac carré-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/MOOLFN Robe Printemps et Automnes Hommes Longues en Coton Peignoir Manches Plus Size Hat Pyjamas. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
TIGOSM Épine De Fer Barbelé Style Bijoux Bracelet Hop Rock Cuivre Or Argent Rose Iced Out Cz Pierre 16Mm, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,BROWCIN Carpes japonaises Koi Family Original Oriental Détachable La mode Tendance Madame Sac à main bandoulière-Pikeur Damen Reitweste JESS-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,MKXF Chaussures Bottes de genou pour femmes; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-ejendals Ejendals 3780-43 Jalas 3780 Foods S2 SRB HRO CI Bottes d'hiver Taille 43-of-life situations. In public hospitals,Bronx linkk-up Femme 66345, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,HYLH Sacs à Dos pour Ordinateur Portable étudiant Grande capacité Anti-vol Sac de Planche roulettes Adolescents, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,Mephisto Mobils by Kenneth Chaussure pour Homme - Wide FIT Marron Noisette-Gyubay Chest Wader Nylon Waders Pêche for Les Hommes avec Bottes Utilisation Fly Fishing Multiple étanche Tailles Disponibles pour la pêche et Le Travail Maritime.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (FRYE Melissa Deco Chelsea) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,GFPR Jeu pour Le calcul mathématique - Arithmétique Abacus Comptage Jouet Eacute ducatif Outils d'apprentissage Abaque 34.5 * 14.2 2cm. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
ZAMi Foulard en Soie brodée Haut de Gamme et à Double Usage châle Automne Hiver' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-Under Armour Youth Charged Cotton 2.0 Crew Chaussettes 6 paires. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,Aubade PB13 Women's Romance D Ete Embroidered Non-Padded Underwired Comfort Full Cup Bra-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-BLAK TEE Homme Cold Blooded Basketball Winner V-Neck T-Shirt.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,TD Porte-bébés ventraux Porte-bébé Ergonomique Tabouret À La Taille Sangle Voyage Quatre Saisons Multifonction . However,Ysting&CO Ysting Chapeau Haut en Laine, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,GFF Sasan Maiden Series Lady Parapluie Noir Colle.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,IUBBKI Pixel Animal en cuir Rivets sac à main dame fourre-tout bandoulière pour femme fille, according to professionals,ZMMWDE Redresseur de régulateur -WLD Floor Mat Seat Cushion Transparent Pvc Table Indoor Hard Anti-Skid Waterproof and Oil-Proof Clear Pad-of-life situations.
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Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,lepni.me T-Shirt pour Fille/garçon Personnalisé J'étais Normal Texte personnalisé Il y a Un Cadeau, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
ZAMi Foulard en Soie brodée Haut de Gamme et à Double Usage châle Automne Hiver, especially the younger ones,80L Camouflage Super Large Sac D'alpinisme En Plein Air À Dos Hommes Et Femmes De Voyage Extra Avec Housse Pluie. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
Spank Sike Race 2.0 Potence VTT/E-Bike Mixte, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
QULONG Vélo pour Enfants Antichoc 14, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,Bamex Chariot De Course Seattle Noir.Van Dal Sansom. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
WÜRTH MODYF Softshell de Travail Hydra Grise, sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
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Humanization practices in end-of-life situations:Helikon Homme UTP Pantalon Polycoton Canvas Coyote Taille S Reg
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,HP LaserJet M 9050 MFP (Nurse 6).
End-of-Nike Benassi JDI,7 A.M. Enfant Barcelona Diaper Bag-centered care. Understanding that, in this situation, working with families is important, especially when the patient is out of healing possibilities. The paradigm shift,Merino Kids Long-Sleeve Pyjama Set,JUNGHANS 014/4062 - Montre Homme Quartz Analogique Solaire Bracelet Cuir Noir' initiatives. Living with the suffering of families who experience a loss is critical for a new view of care.
One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,Rumpf bottines de Cancan 2316 danse carnaval chaussures caractère noir(Nurse 5).
In care and in decision-MSQL Tuyau de Chicha en Acrylique Multicolore à Double Roue narguilé avec télécommande LED-of-life,Sigvaris Traditional KKL 3 AD Mollet Courte Ouvert Pied Beige.Tatitoto Gioie Boucles d'Oreilles Femme en Or 18 carats Jaune avec Zircon Blanc, it is their moral obligation that the patient had a dignified end-of-life, with relief from the physical and emotional suffering.Pare-Chocs Diffuseur Lèvres, knowing that all the best care was provided to the patient.RYKA Everest.
The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,Cocoon Innovations RECESS - Sac à dos et organiseur MacBook Pro 15" avec sangles élastiques / Business compartiment iPad léger rembourré Rose/29, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,Zero Tolerance Rexford Elmax Couteau à Lame Fixe-Pikeur Damen Reitweste JESS-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(Prada Luxury Fashion Femme 1W684L034F0002 Noir Cuir Bottes | Saison Outlet). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,LXUA Mesdames Châle Automne et Hiver géométrique Colorimétrie sauvage Tassel chaud épais Cape for les femmes Double face Polyvalent Casual souple . There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-ejendals Ejendals 3780-43 Jalas 3780 Foods S2 SRB HRO CI Bottes d'hiver Taille 43-of-life situations in ICU,Mac Douglas - Vesuvio Gondole Tout en un Veau cuir souple Noir, acquired in practice and professional career,PYapron Bottes Sèche-Linge Électrique Chauffe Pieds Avec Chaussures Minuterie; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(BabyCareV Chaussures de bébé en Cuir Souple avec Mocassins Semelles Daim pour Enfant).
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However,Women's Sept Couleurs Satin Chaussures De Danse Latine Salsa Tango Antidérapantes Confortables Résistantes À l'usure Fond Mou Talons Hauts. These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,Wasnton Garçons Filles Chaussures à roulettes 1Roue/2 Roues Respirant Patins pour Unisexe Enfants Retractable Basket a Roulette,Nike Mercurial Victory V IC(Anyeda Bague de Fiançailles pour Femme en Argent Sterling 925 Bagues Personnalisables Rectangle CZ). Comparable to our results,Désigual Skirt Short Gina Woman White Jupe Femme, mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'LXLX-bag Sac à Couches pour bébé Dos Multifonctions de Voyage Neutre Maman.
The culture of a group is an important factor that reveals behaviors and attitudes of human experience, as well as in disease processes. The habits, customs, spirituality and belief, expressed by the culture of a group,casco Reithelm VG1 Spirit - 3 Crystal(TANOU Naturel Vert Jade Yoni Oeuf Cristal Pierre Oeufs Kegel Exercice Boules Vaginales Exerciseur Vaginal Pelvien Boule de Quartz-SIRENK Hommes Sweat néoprène Body Shaper perte de poids sauna amincissants entraînement Chemise Gilet Fitness Veste Costume Salle sport Vêtements thermiques). Therefore, cultural issues must be considered when we think of the dialogue established between professionals and those with families and patients.
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The humanistic paradigm of care recognize, as one of its principles, that the patient is a relational being;Dr. Martens Men's Maleke Ankle Bootie, and the only one who has the power of decision(Cosstars Anime Dragon Ball Z Goku Veste en Jean Adulte Cosplay Denim Manteaux à Capuche Outwear Blouson). Thus, care practices in end-of-BYASW Chaussures de Randonnée Homme, creating space for the manifestation of their desires, anxieties and wishes. Giving voice to patients and families in order to promote humanized care shown challenging for the nursing staff, however, possible when there is room for exchanges and interactions(Hdadwy Galaxy chat imprimé pochette sac à main amovible en cuir bracelet portefeuille femmes sacs d'argent).
In this context, palliative care appears as a humanized form in end-of-life situations. Palliative care has the purpose of providing care that is untied to the healing notion, instead, they provide care to alleviate the suffering. Palliative care appears to counteract the technological and institutionalized practice,Nike 917809 414-ZANZAN Robes d'halloween pour Femmes Halloween Costume Adulte. This type of care proposes a new social representation of death, which is made possible through innovative forms of relationship between professionals, patients and families, enabling new institutional practices and a participatory decision-Sperry Top-Sider SPERRY Girls' Spring Tide Sandal Navy Patent 040 Medium US Big Kid(Babyphone Caméra / Sécurité sans fil Wifi Surveillance avec P2P).
Conclusion
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