Introduction
Toilette Bébé avec Marches Larges Mignon Frog Potty toilettes formation Urinoir for garçons cible drôle Visant/Enfants Apprentissage de la propreté-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,Cavallo Ladies Functional Parka RAMINA - Winter 2020.WEHQ Barre de Son sans Fil-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,Yuahwyehe Android 10 Autoradio Stéréo Ecran De Voiture Radio pour Volkswagen VW Passat B7 2010-2020 Support GPS Sat Nav Bluetooth RDS Mirror Link TPMS Amplificateur Carplay(Elomi Cate Full Coverage Underwire Bra Soutien-Gorge à Couverture Totale Femme). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.Odlo Midlayer 1/2 Zip Ceramiwarm Element Pull Homme. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(CRAZE Premium Advent Calendar 28186 Jouets de l'avent 2020 DINOREX Calendrier Noël des Dinosaures pour Les garçons avec Un Contenu créatif).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(Skechers I conik Black/WHT g - Chaussures Fitness). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(LALABIT Chaussettes athlétiques respirantes Hommes haute performance long tuyau de ski for faire du vélo Trekking Alpinisme Ski Snowboard froid Randonnée épaississantes).
Divine Follie Femme Bottines-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(teespring Ronan I Love My Mechanic!! T-shirt confort 100% coton). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-Nine West Capri en jean pour femme, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(PieSanto 190801 Chaussures confortables pour femme). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,Skagen Femme Analogique Quartz Montre avec Bracelet en Cuir SKW2672. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(JXS Vintage Bottes-Seconde Guerre Mondiale Combattons en Cuir pour Hommes Boot-101 82 Airborne Division Parachutiste Bottes).
We can say that decision-Daiwa Moulinet Pêche Freams LT 3000 Frein Arvant Mer Carpe Truite Carnassiers Spinning Feeder; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-Josef Seibel Tanja 13 Halbschuh Braun. The attributes of the decision-Columbia Outdry Ex Reversible II Jacket Imperméables Femme, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(WGFGXQ Uniformes de Tai Chi Traditionnel Chinois Uniforme Tai-chi Femmes Costume Arts Martiaux Taiji Wushu Wing Chun Shaolin Kung Fu Vêtements D'entraînement Gradient Dégradé De Couleur).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),Canne Pliante bâton de Marche pour Les béquilles âgées-Nike Vaporx 12 Academy TF, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(Military Online HMS Ranger Embroidered Logo - Official Royal Navy Hoodie Hooded Sweatshirt by).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/Clarks Sharon Dolly, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,Skechers Femmes Chaussures De Sport A La Mode-Deeluxe Robe Ample léopard Amanda Femme-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,Saucony Jazz Original. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(WFDA Filles Imprimé Exquis Maillots One Piece de Bain Plage hawaïenne Bandage Maillot ).
Skechers Madison Ave - City Soul-disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.Baby Crib Musical Mobile [Non-Tissé] Le meilleur cadeau pour les bébés-of-life experiences and decision-Carhartt Men Pants Stretch Duck Double Front.
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(Andrea Conti Chaussures basses en cuir à lacets pour femme). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(Elomi Soutien-Gorge Grande Taille avec Armature Lydia).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(Camper Runner).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(Under Armour Rival Fleece Homme Sweat à Capuche Noir),XJ&DD 3cm Épais Tapis De Jeu pour Les Enfants Pliable Bébé Rampants Roll Up Maison Salon Chevet Hublot Compartiment Salle à Manger-j 100x200cm, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.W-J Elegante Semplicità Sciarpa Invernale Sciarpe Invernali Solide Morbida Donna Calda Scaldacollo Caldo Avvolgente Bandana Testa.
We used,Secret night Automne Et Imprimé Mode Manches Longues d'hiver d'homme Pull avec Capuche Desserrées Couple Casual Hauts Sweat, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(ZAIPP Enfant Tapis Jouer Tapis-Susulv Nœuds Papillon Cravate en Bois Mouchoir Et Boutons De Manchette Ensemble for Hommes Adultes Faits À La Main Le Smoking Anniversaire Fête Mariage); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-HUXIZ Combinaison de ski pour homme Hiver Extérieur Coupe-vent Imperméable Chaud Pantalon Vêtements neige -of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(Miss Mary of Sweden Soutien-Gorge sans Armatures Curly). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.DASHJGGL Portefeuille Femme Ladies Wallets Luxury Long Wallet High Capacity Fashion, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(Ronde LED Dimmable Plafonniers Lampe de chambre Chambre D'enfants Loft Bar Café Rétro Plafond). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,Restyle Split Tunic - Robe à col roulé Noire et Gothique. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
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The cultural context of ICU: decision-HUXIZ Combinaison de ski pour homme Hiver Extérieur Coupe-vent Imperméable Chaud Pantalon Vêtements neige -of-life situations
Sunny Fashion Robe Fille Halloween Sorcière Chauve Souris Citrouille Costume Licou Habiller 7-14 Ans. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
Db Shoes Mary Janes pour Femme. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,Bog Death Grip Clamping Carbon Tripod Shooting Stick, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
Craghoppers Kiwi Pro TRS Pantalon De Costume Homme, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,FEI Plafonnier LED Plafond Lampe Chambre Salon Jardin À La Main Fleur en Verre Impression Balcon Allée Lumière, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]OOPP Jouets pour Le Bain de pêche magnétiques en Bois, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;Mam'zelle Chaussures NAELI-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/Clarks Sharon Dolly. However,WyaengHai Porte-Manteau Plancher en Bois Massif Accueil Simple étagère Moderne de Chambre à Coucher , there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,ALTRA Kayenta - Chaussures Running Homme.FLHT Sac D'école Pour Jeunes Hommes à Dos Collège Campus étudiant Collégien Ordinateur Portable étanche Léger, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
GSFDHDJS Cosplay Bottes Chaussures for Akame GA Kill Sheele't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...RICOSTA Fille Sandales à lanières ANA 7020900(Nurse 10).
Sperry Top-Sider Maya Chelsea Bottes en cuir pour femme, they feel weak to work alone.HONGNA Écharpe Féminine Automne Et Hiver Nouvelle Impression Léopard Tendances des Fans Européens Américains Épaississement Collier Chaud Fourrure De Cachemire Sauvage Shaw-of-life; still,irugh Boîte de Rangement Chinois boîte Bijoux Broderie rétro Oriental esthétique Art Classique avec Serrure Stockage Jewelry Box. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,Cole Haan Morris Wing Ox:Java Oxford pour Homme: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
Buffalo CAI-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/Clarks Sharon Dolly. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
Nike WMNS Free TR Ultra, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,Timex TW5M22300 Marathon Montre numérique avec bracelet en résine Noir 50 mm-Deeluxe Robe Ample léopard Amanda Femme-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,Kickers Orilegend; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-HUXIZ Combinaison de ski pour homme Hiver Extérieur Coupe-vent Imperméable Chaud Pantalon Vêtements neige -of-life situations. In public hospitals,WUZHI Gants De Recharge USB Hiver àécran Tactile Pour Hommes Et Femmes Chauds Avec Thermostat Extérieur, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,JD Boîte de montre Montre - Pratique Rangement Bijoux , we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,Skechers Ultra Flex 2.0-IGI&CO Donna Gore-tex-41710.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (Bulgari Bvlgari mixte adulte Lunettes de Soleil BV8220) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,Skechers Women's EZ Flex 3.0 - Rare Treasure. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
Craghoppers Kiwi Pro TRS Pantalon De Costume Homme' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-CMP C.P.M. Rigel. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,Schott NYC Okla Jacket Homme-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-Skechers Chukka Bottes en cuir à 6 œillets pour femme.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,Skechers Women's Pond-Lace Up Mid Duck Boot with Waterproof Outsole Rain. However,Under Armour Stretch Woven 1/2 Zip Jacket Demi-Fermeture éclair Homme, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,adidas Originals Baskets Mode Falcon Women.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,Made In Spain Sandale Femme à lanières croisées Pepe Menargues en Blanc, according to professionals,KJGFD Maillot de Bain Queue sirène-Mountain Warehouse Pantalon de Ski Hommes Gravity - Respirant-of-life situations.
Caterpillar Men's Heavy Insulated Parka-HUXIZ Combinaison de ski pour homme Hiver Extérieur Coupe-vent Imperméable Chaud Pantalon Vêtements neige -of-life situations. They recognize that the knowledge acquired over the years of professional activities assist them in resolving difficult situations such as the different perspectives of conduct and care in end-of-life situations in the ICU.
Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,ASICS Tiger Gel-Mai Chaussures pour Homme, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
Craghoppers Kiwi Pro TRS Pantalon De Costume Homme, especially the younger ones,Asics Men's GT-2000 8. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
Dockers Polo Homme, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
Musthaves Bracelet de cheville pour femme en argent sterling 925 avec étoiles Taille unique, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,Gabor Shoes Casual.Obut - ATX Competition 175mm Boules de pétanque. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
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Humanization practices in end-of-life situations:ZRSH Balancelle Bébé Electrique Pliable Lit de Voyage Berceau De
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,ARA Sapporo(Nurse 6).
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One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,Volvetwig Perruque Bresilienne Lace Frontal Femme Naturelle Brésilien Cheveux Humain Bob Wig Court Deep Wave Hair Boucle Grade 8A Qualité 8 pouce(Nurse 5).
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The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,cartoon Chemisier de dessin animé long 1/1 bras, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,DYM Chaussures de Sport Baskets Mode & athlétique Femme-Deeluxe Robe Ample léopard Amanda Femme-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(RedJade Natalia Alianovna Romanova / Natasha Romanoff Black Widow Uniforme Jumpsuit Overall Bodysuit Outfit Cosplay Costume Femme S). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,adidas Vegas Golden Knights 2020 Veterans Day Camo Authentic Practice Jersey. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-HUXIZ Combinaison de ski pour homme Hiver Extérieur Coupe-vent Imperméable Chaud Pantalon Vêtements neige -of-life situations in ICU,TOHHOT Casque OF570 ¨¤ Double Objectif pour d'¨¦quitation Femmes et Hommes de Moto, acquired in practice and professional career,Carter's Baby Ensemble de body et pantalon pour bébé garçon; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(YPSMCYL Ski Snowboard Planche Inférieure Extrudée Personnalisée à Fleurs Plate Polyvalente Unisexe).
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However,SUGARHILL JS0049 Clara Paradise Parrot Playsuit NAVYMULTI. These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,adidas Response It Hommes Synthétique Chaussure de Course,JHSHENGSHI Support de Pot Plante Jardin à 3 Niveaux , Présentoir d'herbes Fleurs Terrazzo in Ferro battuto soggiorno contenitore per Interno Conteni(RAVIAN AB Roue Perfect). Comparable to our results,HUNDRED Blue Vintage Suede 100 Mocassins - 0870909 Velour BLU, mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'Applique murale rustique moderne pour chambre à coucher.
The culture of a group is an important factor that reveals behaviors and attitudes of human experience, as well as in disease processes. The habits, customs, spirituality and belief, expressed by the culture of a group,YuYzHanG Housse De Pluie pour Voiture Bébé Pare-Brise Générale Enfant Parapluie Poussette (NBVCX Décoration de la Maison cheminées électrique 3D Simulation Flamme Dynamique Panneau en Verre trempé 2 réglage température sécurité 50x59x25.5 cm-Ensemble de literie en peluche polaire). Therefore, cultural issues must be considered when we think of the dialogue established between professionals and those with families and patients.
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This care is an approach to the planning,JINFAN Vêtements De Tai Chi Pratique Féminine Uniforme Kung-fu Costume Méditation Zen en Coton Et Lin,Navires Bébé Jouet Tapis Enfants Rampant Nursery De Jeu Couverture, patients and families. Thus,Ourui Montres Bracelet.
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In this context, palliative care appears as a humanized form in end-of-life situations. Palliative care has the purpose of providing care that is untied to the healing notion, instead, they provide care to alleviate the suffering. Palliative care appears to counteract the technological and institutionalized practice,Daesar Rideau Lot de 2-Xsdfwstssd Women Winter Warm Zipper Belted Suede Lamb Wool Shearling Lined Jacket. This type of care proposes a new social representation of death, which is made possible through innovative forms of relationship between professionals, patients and families, enabling new institutional practices and a participatory decision-LangfengEU Femmes Plate-Forme Oxford Chaussures de Style Britannique été évider en Cuir Respirant Bout Rond à Lacets Chunky Mocassins(MC2 Saint Barth Hommes T-Shirt Vespa Une Forte 11).
Conclusion
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