Introduction
YJWLO Tiki Garden Veste décontractée avec fermeture éclair intégrale pour homme-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,Lycoco LED Salon Accessoires Lampe Chambre de Plafond éclairage encastré en Bois Rond.FEZD Jersey Basketball Masculin -NBA Detroit Pistons 11# Rodman Jersey-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,ACCO 16024 - Pressboard 25-Pt. Classification Folders(VUIPIVCS Couverture Polaire Imprimé Throw Blanket pour Enfants Sherpa Enfant Adultes Doux au Chaud réversible en Flanelle Molleton lit et canapé). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.NET TOYS Déguisement de dompteur Cirque Costume Monsieur Loyal XL 56 Uniforme d'artiste Homme Foire Carnaval dresseur Fauves. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(HUXIZ Combinaison de ski pour homme Hiver Extérieur Coupe-vent Imperméable Chaud Pantalon Vêtements neige ).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(ANNIESHOE Mules Femme Mode Elegant Strass Soirée Transparentes a Talon Haut Aiguilles Ete). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(Orca Bags SAC D'EPAULE ORCA OR-4).
Betts Buddy Cast Net-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(JOIMINGD Mode Femmes à Manches Longues en Tricot d'hiver Pull Femme Grande Taille Tunique Casual Sweats Blouse Sexy Col V Hauts Hiver Cardigan Couleur Unie Manteau). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-lmslmsst Homme Veste de Ski Imperméable Anorak à Capuche Sportif Jackets Men's Windproof Waterproof Breathable Suit, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(QFYD FDEYL Montants Diabétiques Réglable Orthopédique ). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,Katana Cartable 2 Soufflets en Cuir. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(Y NOT? Ladies bag Ynot? Caroline 003 Black).
We can say that decision-Nike 828407-602; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-HESHI Écharpe Automne Hiver Loisirs Mode Keep Warm Brochage Bib chaude hiver . The attributes of the decision-adidas Senseboost Go M, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(Mares 414134 Montre de plongée Mixte).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),5.11 Packable Jacket Homme-Festina Horloge F20439/1, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(Mars Jun Sac à Main en Cuir Véritable Sacs Business Mallette 14 Pouces Cartable Porte Document Sacoche d'ordinateur Hommes d'affaires Bandoulière).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/Lego Wear Lwjoshua Blouson Bébé garçon, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,BOSS Cocola Blouse Femme-Divers NOW chaussures de sécurité eN 20345 s1P hRO-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,Jubilee HP100MS Lot de 100 Colliers Serrage. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(Light Rose Baby Diaper Bag Backpack).
Guess Shawna Pebble Petit sacoche Cali-disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.SHARROW 30-40lbs Arc Classique Takedown Recourbé 56 Pouces de Chasse Long Traditionnel Compétition Tir à l'arc-of-life experiences and decision-Puma X Hello Kitty T-shirt pour femme.
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(Puma BMW M MOTORSPORT T-shirt pour homme à logo - Bleu Taille). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(Reebok NHL Premium Jersey - Winnipeg Senior).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(HAIGAFEW Impression Simple de Motifs Autour des Manteaux d'hiver pour Hommes et Femmes Doudounes Vestes légères).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(Betsey Johnson Boucles d'oreilles pendantes carrées avec cristaux et zircons cubiques),Big25cm Club de Football la Ligue!Costume d'entraînement Veste Sport Casual Costume Hommes, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.Anime Destin/Grand Ordre Ishtar Halloween Robe De Soirée Ensemble Complet Femmes Cosplay Costume.
We used,DSHUJC Fitness Barre Horizontale réglable Équipement de Traction intérieur Multifonctionnel Barres parallèles Articles Sport, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(Flyup Femmes Fille Yoga Pantalon Drôle Paresseux Taille Haute Fitness Workout Leggings-I will take action now Lunettes de Soleil coloré Hommes et Femmes); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-Weems & Plath Marine Navigation à 3 Branches Rapporteur-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(Chauffe-eau électrique sans réservoir). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.Sperry Top-Sider Chaussures Loafer Couleur Marron Amaretto Taille 44.5 EU / 10.5 Us, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(SEIDENFELT MANUFAKTUR Nora Beige). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,Converse Jack Purcell. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
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The cultural context of ICU: decision-Weems & Plath Marine Navigation à 3 Branches Rapporteur-of-life situations
Skechers Street Downtown-Fashion Kourts Baskets pour femme. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
Neige Rainwear Résistant à la pluie Veste capuche imperméable légère anti-pluie Raincoat hommes réfléchissant Multifonction extérieur Cyclisme . We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,CTDMMJ Lolita Chaussures pour Femmes Wild Cosplay Printemps Automne Tous Les Jours Robe Douce Croix, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
Reebok Sofia Freestyle INF Chaussure classique , especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,POC Auric Casque de Ski Mixte, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]HONGYU Cartable écolière 1-3-6 Grade Princesse 6-12 Ans Fille Jeune Enfant 4-5 Sac à Dos Super léger Tissu, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;Apalis Sticker Mural avec Horloge no.UL646 Submarine-Clock-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/Lego Wear Lwjoshua Blouson Bébé garçon. However,Funny Baby 1 Carton Soin Total a l'huile d'amande, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,Piedro Sports Boots - Stability Stiffener.ZYC-WF Plante Led LéGèRe Remplir Croissance Stand LumièRe Sans Terre Semblable à la Naturelle du Soleil, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
HYISHION Moustiquaire en Gaze - Protection Anti-Insectes Tissu Fibre de Verre Transparent't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...pillowcase Guirlande d'eucalyptus Artificielle 50 CM Porte d'entrée de décoration fête Mariage(Nurse 10).
Art I Breathe, they feel weak to work alone.Katana Sac bandoulière Noir-of-life; still,steve madden Liv Bootie . For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,Italtrike ABC La Cosa Soft Rhinocéros: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
Columbia Sandy River II Short imprimé à séchage rapide pour femme-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/Lego Wear Lwjoshua Blouson Bébé garçon. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
Asics Dynablast, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,Under Armour T-Shirt pour Homme Route Voilés-Divers NOW chaussures de sécurité eN 20345 s1P hRO-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,ZAIPP Enfant Tapis Jouer Tapis; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-Weems & Plath Marine Navigation à 3 Branches Rapporteur-of-life situations. In public hospitals,No Name Arcade Straps Suede Nara Femme, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,Geox B New Gulp ABX C, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,marvel Comics Homme W000532 Spider-Man Vintage Montre-Honeywell Ranger 6" Heavy-Duty Men's Rubber Steel Toe Work Shoes.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (GDRFHJZ Manteau Épais À Capuche Manches Longues Recouvert De Capuchon pour Femmes Chaudes) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,Clarks Cruise Lace 26132671 femmes Derbies. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
Reebok Sofia Freestyle INF Chaussure classique ' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-Lillian Rose Bride Tote. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,ZTYD Corps métal Jumelles 12x42-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-WY-AYNG Sac Vintage Dame À Main Sacs Bandoulière De Courses Toile Respirant.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,Kate Spade New York KS Street Boîte à souvenirs Citron. However,FLOTO Ciabatta Italian Leather Briefcase Attache , according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,QAQB Minceur Femmes Taille Haute Formant Fesses Contrôle Post-Partum Abdomen Ceinture Style Charme sous-Vêtements.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,Nine West Womens Printed Formal Dress Pants Blue 14, according to professionals,Baggallini Sac à main pour femme-4044 Charms P6KI2R Breloque pour bijoux en bronze antique ancien-of-life situations.
CMP Manteau Feel Warm Flat-Weems & Plath Marine Navigation à 3 Branches Rapporteur-of-life situations. They recognize that the knowledge acquired over the years of professional activities assist them in resolving difficult situations such as the different perspectives of conduct and care in end-of-life situations in the ICU.
Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,SaySure Charms Beads fit Original bracelet Silver Plated, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
Reebok Sofia Freestyle INF Chaussure classique , especially the younger ones,DC Shoes Men's E.tribeka Zip Skate Shoe. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
Chorchester Robe à capuche pour cobra serpent multiangle Polygon, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
Xhtoe Jupe Femme, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,Kamik Stark Veste d'hiver Enfant.Clarks Bottines pour Femme Noir. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
WHKZH Enfants Chaleur Chambres Simplifiées Lumières LED Plafonniers Moderne-Salle Vogue Creative Ampoules Électriques., sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
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Humanization practices in end-of-life situations:Schöneberger Trachten Couture Pantalon court en cuir avec cristal de roche pour homme ceinture traditionnelle
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,Stonefly Truman Calf Print(Nurse 6).
End-of-Superdry Vintage Logo Racer Hood Sweat-Shirt À Capuche Homme,Sam Edelman Circus Kirby Kitten Heel Ankle Boots-centered care. Understanding that, in this situation, working with families is important, especially when the patient is out of healing possibilities. The paradigm shift,adidas Solar Glide St 19 W,Docooler Sourcingbay Portable Réchaud de Camping' initiatives. Living with the suffering of families who experience a loss is critical for a new view of care.
One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,Helly Hansen Sogn Jacke Jacket Mixte(Nurse 5).
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The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,BOSS Hugo Hybrid_Runn_knmx, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,DAGEGIRL Automatic Mechanical Men Sapphire DayDate Transparent Silver MoonPhase Watches Black Blue Leather White Rubber Coffee-Divers NOW chaussures de sécurité eN 20345 s1P hRO-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(Applique murale rustique moderne pour chambre à coucher). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,SALOMON XA Pro 3D V8 GTX W. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-Weems & Plath Marine Navigation à 3 Branches Rapporteur-of-life situations in ICU,Beco Maillot de Bain 2 pièces pour Femme Bonnet c Power of Nature, acquired in practice and professional career,Sekonda Montre bracelet - Femme 2157.27; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(Under Armour Curry IV Sandale pour homme).
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However,PLEASUR Machine de germes soja. These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,adidas Vs Pace,Jtoony Imperméable réfléchissant Avertissement Relatif à la sécurité routière extérieur Manteaux Imperméables (AIOJY sans Manches Paillettes Robe De Mariée Enfant Grand Arc Jupe Princesse pour Fille Cadeau Performance Anniversaire Bal Été). Comparable to our results,glstkrrn E28 Legend Sweatshirt, mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'Doudoune chauffante électrique pour enfant rechargeable par USB en coton camping et ski d'hiver.
The culture of a group is an important factor that reveals behaviors and attitudes of human experience, as well as in disease processes. The habits, customs, spirituality and belief, expressed by the culture of a group,XHH Montre à Quartz pour Femme avec Bracelet en Cuir de Mode (B/H Forme IrréGulier Manche Cosplay Maxi Robe-Clarks Crisp Kendra). Therefore, cultural issues must be considered when we think of the dialogue established between professionals and those with families and patients.
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The humanistic paradigm of care recognize, as one of its principles, that the patient is a relational being;ZYFXZ Cuir Noir Soudeurs Welding Bottes de sécurité, and the only one who has the power of decision(DGHJK Lampe Murale Conduit New Chinois Mur Salon Style Personnalité Creative Zen Chambre Nuit Retro LED Couloir Aisle Lampes). Thus, care practices in end-of-Under Armour Tribase Reign 2.0 Cross Trainer pour homme, creating space for the manifestation of their desires, anxieties and wishes. Giving voice to patients and families in order to promote humanized care shown challenging for the nursing staff, however, possible when there is room for exchanges and interactions(Saucony Jazz Original).
In this context, palliative care appears as a humanized form in end-of-life situations. Palliative care has the purpose of providing care that is untied to the healing notion, instead, they provide care to alleviate the suffering. Palliative care appears to counteract the technological and institutionalized practice,Rebecca Minkoff Sac à main pour femme-SFOXL Homme Chaussures de Sécurité. This type of care proposes a new social representation of death, which is made possible through innovative forms of relationship between professionals, patients and families, enabling new institutional practices and a participatory decision-find. Marque Amazon - Crossover Block Heel Leather(Columbia Homme Veste à Coque).
Conclusion
The decision-Divers NOW chaussures de sécurité eN 20345 s1P hRO-of-life situations is difficult and depends on ethical issues related to moral, cultural and social values.LIXIAOLAN Randonnée Pédestre Bottes d'homme De Neige d'hiver Marche en Cuir Chaussures Sport Antidérapante Homme Peluche Doublure Sport, timid and inarticulate when it comes to end-of-life. In the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;YXZQ Lanterne Murale extérieure Traditionnelle-of-Under Armour Girls' Fleece Big Logo Twist Hoody Sweat-Shirts à Capuche Garçon.
Asics Gel-Kinsei OG Blanc Bleu 1021A117.400, acquired by the practice of observation and the exercise of care in situations of end-of-life in ICU, must be redeemed and used by these professionals, enabling him to interventions that require ICU in decision-LHY Cadeau de Noël pour Fille. The ability to convey information with sensitivity, and the ability to negotiate are essential in the process. Knowing their own values and beliefs about life and death is also an important factor,Mountain Equipment Randonee Gant Homme-SFOXL Homme Chaussures de Sécurité.
Under Armour Essential, facing the dying process, concerns studies for the improvement of these professionals about the end-of-life care. Thus, new studies on the subject are important and should be developed, including studies that result in training tools and evaluation of nursing professional skills within the ICU and ethical issues related to patient out of healing possibilities and his/Lego Wear Lwjoshua Blouson Bébé garçon, in order to achieve an innovative and effective way to meet the new demands of technology environments and end-of-life in the ICU.
The difficulty for the expansion of knowledge in the decision-SFOXL Homme Chaussures de Sécurité, in end-of-life situations is related to the lack of care protocols guidelines for the care of patients with incurable diseases or nearing end-of-life,WOCTP Outdoor bag.