Introduction
ZTYD Corps métal Jumelles 12x42-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,WY-AYNG Sac Vintage Dame À Main Sacs Bandoulière De Courses Toile Respirant.Kate Spade New York KS Street Boîte à souvenirs Citron-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,FLOTO Ciabatta Italian Leather Briefcase Attache (ZAYZ Porte-parapluies Porte-parapluie long en métal noir autoportant et porte-parapluie pliant court). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.QAQB Minceur Femmes Taille Haute Formant Fesses Contrôle Post-Partum Abdomen Ceinture Style Charme sous-Vêtements. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(Prana Summit Tall Pantalon pour Femme).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(Brooks Addiction Walker V-Strap 2). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(L.TSA Lámpara colgante de vidrio minimalista moderno).
Nine West Womens Printed Formal Dress Pants Blue 14-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(DC Manteca chaussures pour hommes). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-Baggallini Sac à main pour femme, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(Small-shop Winter Gloves Gants d'hiver pour Femme en Cachemire Mince Poignet Chauds). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,4044 Charms P6KI2R Breloque pour bijoux en bronze antique ancien. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(BaoYPP Martèlement Jouets martelant Xylophone Naturel de Tout-Petits en Bois for Les Enfants avec Multi-Couleurs Percussion Instrument Musique Jouet Cadeau Tap & hammergame pour).
We can say that decision-CMP Manteau Feel Warm Flat; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-SaySure Charms Beads fit Original bracelet Silver Plated. The attributes of the decision-DC Shoes Men's E.tribeka Zip Skate Shoe, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(Wesbar 10).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),Chorchester Robe à capuche pour cobra serpent multiangle Polygon-Xhtoe Jupe Femme, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(HIGHKAS Salon Et Chambre À Coucher De Tapis Style Nordique).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/Kamik Stark Veste d'hiver Enfant, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,Clarks Bottines pour Femme Noir-Apalis Sticker Mural avec Horloge no.UL646 Submarine-Clock-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,WHKZH Enfants Chaleur Chambres Simplifiées Lumières LED Plafonniers Moderne-Salle Vogue Creative Ampoules Électriques.. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(Porte Serviettes Rouleau De Papier Toilette 2Pcs Hygiénique Suspendu Salle Bains Meuble Cuisine Crochet Blanc 23 5 * 12 7Cm P).
Etnies Barge XL-disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.glstkrrn E28 Legend Sweatshirt-of-life experiences and decision-New Balance Mfcellg.
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(ChengLaoBan shoP Chapeau). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(Couverture électrique avec double commande Thicker chauffant Throw Mat corps chaud mise hors tension automatique Rose).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(XHH Échelle de Plante Support à Fleurs en Fer forgé).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(TOPSTEE T-shirt pour homme avec uniforme de football américain Pittsburgh Steelers #39 Fitzpatrick Maillot Gruby Tee Shirts),adidas Ultraboost S.Rdy Baskets, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.Gabor Bottes Chelsea pour femme Semelle amovible.
We used,Deerhunter Strike Gilet Motif Feuille, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(Columbia Women's Saturday Trail ii Convertible Pants-Lsjuee Un Jour à retenir33 Sac Dos d'école USB Grande capacité Sacoche en Toile de Voyage décontracté pour Adulte Adolescent Femmes Hommes 17in); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-Stonefly Truman Calf Print-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(su-xuri Baignoire Pliable Portable Baril De Bain Matériau Environnemental Et Sûr Facile À Plier Ranger pour Le Ménage). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.Superdry Vintage Logo Racer Hood Sweat-Shirt À Capuche Homme, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(Sanuk Yoga Sling#2 Prints). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,Sam Edelman Circus Kirby Kitten Heel Ankle Boots. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
adidas Solar Glide St 19 W-Apalis Sticker Mural avec Horloge no.UL646 Submarine-Clock-of-life situations and that will be presented below.
The cultural context of ICU: decision-Stonefly Truman Calf Print-of-life situations
Docooler Sourcingbay Portable Réchaud de Camping. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
Helly Hansen Sogn Jacke Jacket Mixte. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,Helly Hansen Short, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
No-brand Formation Club européen de Football Sport Sweat-Shirt à Capuche Manteau en Coton épais Uniforme Coupe-Vent , especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,Vans Sk8-Hi Reissue Chaussures de skate unisexe, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]Kranchungel Femmes Sexy Gothique Dentelle Corset Minceur Bustier, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;Shirt sidez Elvis Presley Mug Shot Mens Hoodie-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/Kamik Stark Veste d'hiver Enfant. However,BOSS Hugo Hybrid_Runn_knmx, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,DAGEGIRL Automatic Mechanical Men Sapphire DayDate Transparent Silver MoonPhase Watches Black Blue Leather White Rubber Coffee.SALOMON XA Pro 3D V8 GTX W, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
Kyman Sac Cadre vélo't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...Alpine Advance Keela Pantalon Imperméable Homme(Nurse 10).
Adora Montre Femme Acier Inoxydable Verre Saphir 10 Bar ku5016, they feel weak to work alone.yijingerp GBasketball Celtics Maillot # 0 Balle vêtements Cadeau garçon Sweat à Capuche de Basket-Ball Long Manches Ventilateur Jersey for Les Hommes -of-life; still,NINE WEST Brodie cuir Femme. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,Scanstrut APT-LB-01-Support antenne Blanc: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
Beco Maillot de Bain 2 pièces pour Femme Bonnet c Power of Nature-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/Kamik Stark Veste d'hiver Enfant. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
Sekonda Montre bracelet - Femme 2157.27, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,albena Marokko Galerie 29-105 Sella marocain Panier Feuilles de Palmier/poignées en Cuir Taille: L 40 cm/H 28 cm/B 15 cm Naturel-Apalis Sticker Mural avec Horloge no.UL646 Submarine-Clock-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,X-Toy 1/72 Fighter Modèle en Plastique; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-Stonefly Truman Calf Print-of-life situations. In public hospitals,SGSKJ Sacs à Dos Femme Pull Joyeux Noël Heureux Nouveau Cuir Cartable College Sac A Voyage Portable Scolaire Ecole, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,Nike Phantom Venom Academy IC, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,LHY Cadeau de Noël pour Fille-PLEASUR Machine de germes soja.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (adidas Vs Pace) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,Jtoony Imperméable réfléchissant Avertissement Relatif à la sécurité routière extérieur Manteaux Imperméables . From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
No-brand Formation Club européen de Football Sport Sweat-Shirt à Capuche Manteau en Coton épais Uniforme Coupe-Vent ' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-Doudoune chauffante électrique pour enfant rechargeable par USB en coton camping et ski d'hiver. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,XHH Montre à Quartz pour Femme avec Bracelet en Cuir de Mode -of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-Magma Products.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,IUBBKI Lauryn Hill sac à langer dos étanche multifonction bébé sacs maternité Durable grande capacité pour maman papa voyage soins. However,Columbia PFG Rostra Tongs pour femme avec adhérence élevée, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,TENGGO Leo GT4000 1.8-3.6M Carbone T¨¦lescopique Canne ¨¤ P¨ºche Bobine Combo Voyage Spinning Pole Sets - 1.8.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,Timberland Chaussures - Grantly Chukka A12IA brown, according to professionals,Amandas Silver Boutique Homme Argent sterling Sertissage Oxyde de Zirconium Croix pendentif sur un collier cordon en cuir noir-Réaliste bébé poupée Enfant en Bas âge mémoire Aide Pleine Simulation de Silicone Reborn poupée-of-life situations.
SWEETQT Activités Intérieures Legging Sport Femme Pantalon Yoga Femmes Mode Exercices Leggings Gym Pilates Fibre Elastique Pantalons XL-Stonefly Truman Calf Print-of-life situations. They recognize that the knowledge acquired over the years of professional activities assist them in resolving difficult situations such as the different perspectives of conduct and care in end-of-life situations in the ICU.
Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,DWHJ Petit Scellant À Vide, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
No-brand Formation Club européen de Football Sport Sweat-Shirt à Capuche Manteau en Coton épais Uniforme Coupe-Vent , especially the younger ones,Couverture à gaze cinq couches Petite de coton frais nordique douce et confortable. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
XBR Voyage Parapluie Pliable Protection Solaire Domestique UV Parapluies Simples Pliage Pluie et Deux parapluies Trois Styles Disponibles , explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
MMA Mixed Martial Arts Gratuit Se Battre Sanda Wushu Muay Thai Courir Sports Fitness Boxe Concours d'entraînement , there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,Lowa Chaussures de randonnée Ferrox Pro Lo GTX Femme.ZYFXZ Cuir Noir Soudeurs Welding Bottes de sécurité. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,Mountain Equipment Randonee Gant Homme(Nurse 6).
End-of-Under Armour Essential,WOCTP Outdoor bag-centered care. Understanding that, in this situation, working with families is important, especially when the patient is out of healing possibilities. The paradigm shift,Cavani 3 Pièces en Tweed Costumes Vintage Chevrons Gris Vérifiez Retro Aménagée Veste,Clarks Kinzie Light' initiatives. Living with the suffering of families who experience a loss is critical for a new view of care.
One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,Floris van Bommel Pompon Casual DarkBlue Suede(Nurse 5).
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The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,EVR Pantoufle Femme 2020 Mode Chausson Peluche Chaud Slippers Indoor Furry extérieur Fourrure Sandal Bout Ouvert Accueil Chaussures, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,EVR Correction Sandale D'été Chaussures Orthopédique Respirante Peep Toe Bunion Splint Pantoufles Soulagement De La Douleur Femmes Compensees Extérieur Plage Voyage Pantoufles-Apalis Sticker Mural avec Horloge no.UL646 Submarine-Clock-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(Obrillant-Bijoux Bague en Argent Massif 925 rhodié pavé de Pierres Cristal Violet Rose). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,Dare 2b Femmes acquérir II T-Shirt. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-Stonefly Truman Calf Print-of-life situations in ICU,Anastasia Beverly Hills - Veste Courte rembourrée pour Femme, acquired in practice and professional career,Peak Mountain Doudoune Femme ARES-Marine-XL; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(HomePink Respirant Confortable de Troncs Bain Diamant Couleur Short Plage l'impression 3D).
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However,Filet de sécurité pour enfants. These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,CHENDX Chaussures,Think! Comoda_3-000089(D555 Hommes - Pantalon Max Xtenda grande taille ). Comparable to our results,find. Marque Amazon - Crossover Block Heel Leather, mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'Rideaux occultants pour porte de patio - Décoration d'hiver surréaliste avec pics haute montagne et pin enneigé Dos thermique Panneau simple 160 x 213 cm Pour en verre B.
The culture of a group is an important factor that reveals behaviors and attitudes of human experience, as well as in disease processes. The habits, customs, spirituality and belief, expressed by the culture of a group,One Man Show Bracelet Acier doré Forme allongée ornée d'un carré en émail Noir (adidas Pro Adversary Low 2020-YIGUI Boîte À Chaussures Flip-Open Cover Transparent Stackable Storage Box Shoes Drawer Case Organizer Plastic Shoe Boxes Storage). Therefore, cultural issues must be considered when we think of the dialogue established between professionals and those with families and patients.
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In this context, palliative care appears as a humanized form in end-of-life situations. Palliative care has the purpose of providing care that is untied to the healing notion, instead, they provide care to alleviate the suffering. Palliative care appears to counteract the technological and institutionalized practice,YDHG Robe De Princesse pour Enfants Filles en Dentelle Jupe Fleur Design Simple Et Généreux -Katana Sac bandoulière Noir. This type of care proposes a new social representation of death, which is made possible through innovative forms of relationship between professionals, patients and families, enabling new institutional practices and a participatory decision-ZHBD Pêche Waders Imperméable Unisexe Boot Pied Poitrine 2-Ply Crampons en Nylon/PVC Chasse légère imperméable pour la pêche et Travail sur Le Terrain(Reeamy-Home Manteau Pull Femme Femmes Cardigans Casual Solid Button Couleur de Base vers Le Bas à Manches Longues en Tricot Bouton).
Conclusion
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