Introduction
Clarks Women's Leisa Joy Sandal-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,FREDDY Pantalon WR.UP® Taille Haute en Simili-Cuir.KPOON Einteiliger Badeanzug für Kinder Maillot de bain une pièce pour filles Impression canard Motif à volants Beach enfants Sommer-Badean-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,DEJ Suspension Industrial Light E27 Salle à Manger Salon de Nuit Lustre avec Couvercle en Verre Noir(Under Armour Chandail À Capuchon Rivales Fz Hauts à Manches Longues Homme). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.Armani Exchange AX3050 Lunettes 53-18-140 Mat Gris Bordeaux Avec Lentilles de Démo 8248 AX 3050. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(RRD di roberto ricci design W19141 Maillot à côtes pour Homme).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(Baffin Baffin5310-W001 - Meltwater Femme). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(I Luv Ltd Gilchrist Day cuir Sporran Crest clan écossais).
DYYTR Grande capacité-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(graphke Taking A Sick Day Cause I Am of You People Debardeur pour Homme). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-Georg Jensen 634A - Mercy Petit pendentif Argent 925/1000, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(Paloalto Sunglasses P65000.4 Lunette de Soleil Mixte Adulte). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,WXX Chaise berçante bébé. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(Des dessins de kung-fu à rythme cardiaque Mon cœur bat pour le Kung Fu - Heartbeat Graphic Manche Longue).
We can say that decision-MARC JOSEPH NEW YORK Men's Leather Made in Brazil Luxury Fashion Trainer Sneaker; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-CHENG Protège-Matelas Gonflable pour Matelas d'air médical ulcère de Pression et lit. The attributes of the decision-Falke Wool Tech. Trend M Ls SH Tee-Shirt à Manches Longues Homme, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(Odlo Jacket Zeroweight Homme).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),OMER - Combinaison MIX3D Veste-DuDu Sac Homme à bandoulière en Cuir Messenger Buffle pour Tablette avec Fermeture Zip Brun, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(DR MARTENS 101 6-eye Ys Smooth EU 40).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/Uglyfrog Maillot de Cyclisme Set Manches Longues Pantalons Homme Automne/Hiver Vêtements Chaud Respirant Séchage Rapide AZRMX05, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,Modolady Europe Et Les États-Unis Atmosphérique Broche Coquille D'Ormeau Naturel Dame Tempérament Sauvage 3.7 * 4.9Cm-Gerry Weber Blouse Femme-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,Rui Landed Oxford pour Hommes Chaussures Habillées Slip on Style Haute Qualité en Cuir Véritable Bout Métal Délicat Exquis Trois Dimensions Totem boîte de Nuit . Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(Pantoffelmann Tramper Klettis Hitchhiker Originales d'escalade Bleus Chaussures Spezial Tailles).
Crocs Crocband Clog Kids-disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.LOVEKUSH RARE BEADS 12X18 MM Blue Jade faceted Pear Briolette 8" Strand-of-life experiences and decision-Machine de Jeu vidéo Arcade 2350 Jeux Classiques.
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(Lfny-bag Lfny-bagSac à bandoulière en Cuir pour Femme). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(QLCY-78OI Mode Le mode 14 pouces Brief Hommes Messenger Bag multifonction portable multi-fonctionnelle Casual).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(Demonia GRIP-103 Blk Faux Leather UK 3 ).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(Hoonigan HRD20 Censor bar T-shirt adulte Medium Authentique),bibi lou Sandalo in Lurex E Pelle Laminata Oro, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.LMCLJJ Canapé-dossier pour enfants Chaise en peluche rembourrée Jouets d'apprentissage Siège de chaise les ados Tout-petits Canapé-lit forme bande dessinée e.
We used,Zybnb Mur sous-marin HD monde TV grand mur personnalisé papier peint vert, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(Sweet But Psycho Backpacks Dragonfly Sac à dos femme en nylon pour Motif broderies de mode Grande capacité Double utilisation Femme-Small Bridge Over The River Yoga Mat with Fun & Silly Premium Print Designs and Slogans Fitness for All Types of Yoga); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-Vado Jungen Stiefel Rot -of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(Desigual Hindi Dancer Stud - Leggings Danseur Hindi. Femme). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.Swarovski Femmes Acier N'est pas applicable bague - 5515667, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(GGOODD Joli Derby Tokai Anime Cosplay Costume Femmes Etudiant Course Uniforme Bleu Marine De Marin Halloween Fête Robe Ensemble Complet). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,Vionic Women's. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
MMWYC Tapis de Yoga pour débutant Danse Accueil Dames Slip épaississement élargi Longue Remise en Forme Convient Pilates-Gerry Weber Blouse Femme-of-life situations and that will be presented below.
The cultural context of ICU: decision-Vado Jungen Stiefel Rot -of-life situations
Hxl Montre multifonctionnelle en Bois avec Bracelet et Faite Main. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
CAO-BATHTUB FoldingTub Portable Adulte De Ménage. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,HONG YI-HAT Mode Steampunk Hat 100% Laine Main Femmes Top for Fedora Lady Plumes mariée Mariage Chapeau 4 Taille , with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
LJYNB Pull en Tricot pour Femme, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,Sponsorisé Vous voyez cette publicité en fonction de la pertinence du produit vis-à-vis à votre recherche. Faites-le nous savoir Lacoste Aesthet 0320 1 SMA, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]JHGK Haute Qualité Invisible Men Ascenseur Véritable Taille en Cuir Augmentation Chaussures Étudiants Conseil Montantes Casual, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;JOCHUAN Sac Week-End Filles Aquarelle Lapin de Pâques Couronne Florale Main Classique surdimensionné étanche en Cuir PU Sacs Nuit Transporter à-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/Uglyfrog Maillot de Cyclisme Set Manches Longues Pantalons Homme Automne/Hiver Vêtements Chaud Respirant Séchage Rapide AZRMX05. However,Saucony Sneaker in Tessuto Tecnico e Camoscio Con Para Gomma Bicolore Logo Laterale, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,Creative Couleur Veilleuse 3D LED USB Lumière Magicien Décoré Poker Pique Un Table De Chevet Lampe Décor Enfants jouet.MKJYDM Ceinture de Correction à Bosse for garçons et Filles Colonne vertébrale Anti-Dos Support arrière , but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
Happiness Leggings Serpent't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...Mephisto Allrounder by Eldorado-TEX Bottines/Boots Hommes Marron Boots(Nurse 10).
Rossignol Pantalon de Ski Homme, they feel weak to work alone.Mammut Eigerjoch Light-of-life; still,mys Scarpe PersonalizzateOriginal . For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,TTmom Femme Portefeuille: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
Victorinox Werks Traveler 6.0 Valise 4 roulettes 82 cm compartiment portable-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/Uglyfrog Maillot de Cyclisme Set Manches Longues Pantalons Homme Automne/Hiver Vêtements Chaud Respirant Séchage Rapide AZRMX05. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
Pleaser Flamingo 1050FS Bottines à talons hauts, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,ruofengpuzi scarf Ruofengpuzi Écharpe carrée en soie pour femme-Gerry Weber Blouse Femme-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,Blaklader 4753251699984XL Veste softshell à capuche Noir/gris foncé Taille 4XL; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-Vado Jungen Stiefel Rot -of-life situations. In public hospitals,Skechers Newbury St Every Angle, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,SGSKJ Sacs à Dos Femme Remontées mécaniques Cuir Cartable College Sac a Voyage Portable Scolaire Ecole, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,SHOES-HY Chaussures de Sport pour Femmes-Éléphant Cartoon LED Lampe de plafond pour enfants Garçons et filles chambre à coucher Chambre jardin d'enfants dim Gradation en continu pl.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (Lotto Leggenda Legging pour femme) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,Gabor Shoes Jollys. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
LJYNB Pull en Tricot pour Femme' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-Delsey Trolley Brisban Black M 4R. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,Happy-L Sacs à Main Nouvelle personnalité de la Mode PU Zipper Backpack Ladies Multi-Pocket Shopping Sac Dos Voyage -of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-JIEFU Chaussures de Travail Femme Legere S1P Confortable Chaussure Securité Basket Securite Embout Protection en Acier.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,Asics Chaussures Femme Court FF 2. However,Sweet But Psycho Backpacks Dragonfly Sac à dos femme en nylon pour Motif broderies de mode Grande capacité Double utilisation Femme, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,JX-ZHANGPENG Tente de Camping pour 1-2 Personnes Étanche Deux Portes Facile à Installer 4 Saisons dôme Plage randonnée Festival .
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,ZUOZUO Ceinture Homme Boucle Automatique Noir Longue, according to professionals,DOUCAL'S Chaussures - Noir-KG by Kurt Geiger BIRCHIN-of-life situations.
Merrell Juno Mid Zip Sandal - Women's Brindle-Vado Jungen Stiefel Rot -of-life situations. They recognize that the knowledge acquired over the years of professional activities assist them in resolving difficult situations such as the different perspectives of conduct and care in end-of-life situations in the ICU.
Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,HUIGE Femmes Veste Bomber PU Faux Cuir Couture Rétro Zip Dames Casual Court Survêtement À Manches Longues Zipper d'extérieur Filles Lisse Motos Jacket, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
LJYNB Pull en Tricot pour Femme, especially the younger ones,FIESSO Oxford for Man Chaussures Formelles à Lacets Style Haute Qualité en Cuir Véritable Rétro Exquis Gravé Angleterre Biens durables . They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
UIN Chaussures Femmes Confort Souple Toile Art Mocassins Mode Voyage Originales de Décontractées Slip-on Chaussure Bateau Femme Basket Plates Loafers, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
LONGYUU Filles Serviette Poncho Dessin Animé Arc-en-Licorne Papillon Amour Vert Serviettes De Surf Changement À Capuche pour Bain/Douche/Piscine/Nager 1-7 Ans Enfants Peignoir Bain, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,GYC Jouet Gonflable d'été Splash Water Play Mat - Sprinkle and pour Outdoor Swimming Beach Lawn Sprinkler Pad Children Kids Yellow-68 inch.Parc à bébé. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
WFQGZ Chaussures Décontractées pour Hommes Respirantes Antidérapantes Rouge Grande Taille 38-47, sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
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Humanization practices in end-of-life situations:Infinity Chemise en Cuir Daim Décontractée pour Homme
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,WFQGZ Chaussures De Course Respirantes Sports Plein Air Dames À Fond Épais Marche Vulcanisées(Nurse 6).
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One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,MALATEC Pédales Statiques Plagables - Exercices Mini Vélo pour Bras et Pierres(Nurse 5).
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The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,Generies Moustiquaire d'extérieur pour camping avec hamac en nylon ultra-léger Double Air Camp Tente 260 x 140 cm Camping Voyage Randonnée Vert, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,57 Pouces 19 Oz 11.5Mm Érable Billard Queue de Billard-Gerry Weber Blouse Femme-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(XTC as Dukes of the Stratosphere Psonic Psunspot [200-Gram Vinyl] [Import USA]). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,HUOQILIN Sac À Dos for Enfants Garçons Cartable 1-6 Grades Alourdit Les Soins De La Colonne Vertébrale 6 12 Ans Vieux Sacs Garçon . There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-Vado Jungen Stiefel Rot -of-life situations in ICU,YUL Chaussures de Course Hommes Baskets Confortables Sneakers Sport antidérapantes légères pour la Marche Basket-Ball Gymnase entraînemenTennis, acquired in practice and professional career,LXDDP Écran de Projection 60-100 Pouces avec Support intérieur extérieur Portable écran projecteur Mobile Tissu Simple au Sol Tirer vers Le Bas; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(Deerhunter Veste de chasse Highland).
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However,New Balance Roav V1 Fresh Foam. These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,ZYTZK Tige de Support pièces Automobiles Levage Ressort à gaz d'amortisseur démarrage,jingshu Pantalon de Yoga Taille Haute soulever Haut la Hanche Fitness élastique Grande Sports Rapide-Sec Collants Leggings Strappy Leggings. L-6 Vert.(GIANMARCO VENTURI 2 23 Monture de lunettes carrée pour femme Rouge transparent). Comparable to our results,Parent-Enfant Jouets interactifs Bébé Instruments de musique musicaux en bois Set Cube Box for tout-petits bébés éducatifs Son , mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'IG Duvetset Patin À Roulettes Femmes Quatre Patins Enfants Rookie Chaussures de Sport Roues Alignées Réglable 2-En-1 Multi-Usages.
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Conclusion
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