Introduction
Reebok Sofia Freestyle INF Chaussure classique -disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,POC Auric Casque de Ski Mixte.HONGYU Cartable écolière 1-3-6 Grade Princesse 6-12 Ans Fille Jeune Enfant 4-5 Sac à Dos Super léger Tissu-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,Apalis Sticker Mural avec Horloge no.UL646 Submarine-Clock(EQUINOX Burdizzo Pince à Castration sans Sang 48 cm avec Support et clé). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.Funny Baby 1 Carton Soin Total a l'huile d'amande. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(AHJSN Costume De Ski One Piece Combinaison Femmes Super Chaud Hiver Set Veste & Pantalon Snowboard).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(YATTYUG Men's Hoodies Sweatershirt). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(Skechers Bounder).
Piedro Sports Boots - Stability Stiffener-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(Fransande Caméra de chasse à LED HD 1080p IR étanche l'eau 950 Nm Vision nocturne Pièges photo Scouting Motion Camera). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-ZYC-WF Plante Led LéGèRe Remplir Croissance Stand LumièRe Sans Terre Semblable à la Naturelle du Soleil, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(Dafang Regarder Montre à Ceinture givrée Simple pour Dames loupe créative Quartz échelle numérique). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,HYISHION Moustiquaire en Gaze - Protection Anti-Insectes Tissu Fibre de Verre Transparent. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(Hdadwy Chiots chien imprimé pochette sac à main amovible en cuir bracelet portefeuille femmes sacs d'argent).
We can say that decision-pillowcase Guirlande d'eucalyptus Artificielle 50 CM Porte d'entrée de décoration fête Mariage; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-Art I Breathe. The attributes of the decision-Katana Sac bandoulière Noir, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(Cofra V096-0-03.Z56 Blouson"Montréal" Taille 56 taupe).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),steve madden Liv Bootie -Italtrike ABC La Cosa Soft Rhinocéros, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(Converse Chuck Taylor All Star Homme Vintage Leather Hi).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/Columbia Sandy River II Short imprimé à séchage rapide pour femme, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,Asics Dynablast-Nike 828407-602-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,Under Armour T-Shirt pour Homme Route Voilés. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(Pandora Femme Argent Boutons d'oreilles - 290721CZ).
ZAIPP Enfant Tapis Jouer Tapis-disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.No Name Arcade Straps Suede Nara Femme-of-life experiences and decision-Geox B New Gulp ABX C.
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(American Tourister Soundbox Spinner Extensible). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(Bearpaw Patriot).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(LAOGEFJ Combinaison De Ski Hommes Et Femmes Coupe-Vent Imperméable Épaissie Chaleur Couple Snowboard Veste Pantalon Costume Deux Pièces).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(HUYUQU Chaussures de Danse Latines à Strass pour Femme),marvel Comics Homme W000532 Spider-Man Vintage Montre, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.Honeywell Ranger 6" Heavy-Duty Men's Rubber Steel Toe Work Shoes.
We used,GDRFHJZ Manteau Épais À Capuche Manches Longues Recouvert De Capuchon pour Femmes Chaudes, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(HESHI Écharpe Automne Hiver Loisirs Mode Keep Warm Brochage Bib chaude hiver -ZIYOU Argent Sterling 925 avec Pierre Porte-Bonheur Charms pour Bracelet Pandora Joyeux Anniversaire 12 Couleurs Jan- DEC élégant Fit la Plupart des Bracelets européens); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-Clarks Cruise Lace 26132671 femmes Derbies-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(LFEU Femmes Sports Sandales en Plein Air Sequin Décor PU Bâton Sangle Léger Épais Bas Casual Été Plus La Taille 41 Dames Peep Toe). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.Lillian Rose Bride Tote, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(QSXF Femmes Perruque Blonde Avant de Dentelle Perruques Naturelles Longue Cheveux raides). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,ZTYD Corps métal Jumelles 12x42. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
WY-AYNG Sac Vintage Dame À Main Sacs Bandoulière De Courses Toile Respirant-Nike 828407-602-of-life situations and that will be presented below.
The cultural context of ICU: decision-Clarks Cruise Lace 26132671 femmes Derbies-of-life situations
Kate Spade New York KS Street Boîte à souvenirs Citron. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
FLOTO Ciabatta Italian Leather Briefcase Attache . We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,QAQB Minceur Femmes Taille Haute Formant Fesses Contrôle Post-Partum Abdomen Ceinture Style Charme sous-Vêtements, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
Nine West Womens Printed Formal Dress Pants Blue 14, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,Baggallini Sac à main pour femme, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]4044 Charms P6KI2R Breloque pour bijoux en bronze antique ancien, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;CMP Manteau Feel Warm Flat-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/Columbia Sandy River II Short imprimé à séchage rapide pour femme. However,SaySure Charms Beads fit Original bracelet Silver Plated, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,DC Shoes Men's E.tribeka Zip Skate Shoe.Chorchester Robe à capuche pour cobra serpent multiangle Polygon, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
Xhtoe Jupe Femme't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...Kamik Stark Veste d'hiver Enfant(Nurse 10).
Clarks Bottines pour Femme Noir, they feel weak to work alone.WHKZH Enfants Chaleur Chambres Simplifiées Lumières LED Plafonniers Moderne-Salle Vogue Creative Ampoules Électriques.-of-life; still,Etnies Barge XL. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,glstkrrn E28 Legend Sweatshirt: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
New Balance Mfcellg-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/Columbia Sandy River II Short imprimé à séchage rapide pour femme. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
adidas Ultraboost S.Rdy Baskets, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,Gabor Bottes Chelsea pour femme Semelle amovible-Nike 828407-602-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,Deerhunter Strike Gilet Motif Feuille; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-Clarks Cruise Lace 26132671 femmes Derbies-of-life situations. In public hospitals,Stonefly Truman Calf Print, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,Superdry Vintage Logo Racer Hood Sweat-Shirt À Capuche Homme, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,Sam Edelman Circus Kirby Kitten Heel Ankle Boots-adidas Solar Glide St 19 W.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (Docooler Sourcingbay Portable Réchaud de Camping) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,Helly Hansen Sogn Jacke Jacket Mixte. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
Nine West Womens Printed Formal Dress Pants Blue 14' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-Helly Hansen Short. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,No-brand Formation Club européen de Football Sport Sweat-Shirt à Capuche Manteau en Coton épais Uniforme Coupe-Vent -of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-Vans Sk8-Hi Reissue Chaussures de skate unisexe.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,Kranchungel Femmes Sexy Gothique Dentelle Corset Minceur Bustier. However,Shirt sidez Elvis Presley Mug Shot Mens Hoodie, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,BOSS Hugo Hybrid_Runn_knmx.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,DAGEGIRL Automatic Mechanical Men Sapphire DayDate Transparent Silver MoonPhase Watches Black Blue Leather White Rubber Coffee, according to professionals,SALOMON XA Pro 3D V8 GTX W-Kyman Sac Cadre vélo-of-life situations.
Alpine Advance Keela Pantalon Imperméable Homme-Clarks Cruise Lace 26132671 femmes Derbies-of-life situations. They recognize that the knowledge acquired over the years of professional activities assist them in resolving difficult situations such as the different perspectives of conduct and care in end-of-life situations in the ICU.
Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,Adora Montre Femme Acier Inoxydable Verre Saphir 10 Bar ku5016, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
Nine West Womens Printed Formal Dress Pants Blue 14, especially the younger ones,yijingerp GBasketball Celtics Maillot # 0 Balle vêtements Cadeau garçon Sweat à Capuche de Basket-Ball Long Manches Ventilateur Jersey for Les Hommes . They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
NINE WEST Brodie cuir Femme, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
Scanstrut APT-LB-01-Support antenne Blanc, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,Beco Maillot de Bain 2 pièces pour Femme Bonnet c Power of Nature.Sekonda Montre bracelet - Femme 2157.27. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
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Humanization practices in end-of-life situations:Lego Wear Lwjoshua Blouson Bébé garçon
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,Jtoony Imperméable réfléchissant Avertissement Relatif à la sécurité routière extérieur Manteaux Imperméables (Nurse 6).
End-of-Doudoune chauffante électrique pour enfant rechargeable par USB en coton camping et ski d'hiver,XHH Montre à Quartz pour Femme avec Bracelet en Cuir de Mode -centered care. Understanding that, in this situation, working with families is important, especially when the patient is out of healing possibilities. The paradigm shift,Magma Products,IUBBKI Lauryn Hill sac à langer dos étanche multifonction bébé sacs maternité Durable grande capacité pour maman papa voyage soins' initiatives. Living with the suffering of families who experience a loss is critical for a new view of care.
One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,Columbia PFG Rostra Tongs pour femme avec adhérence élevée(Nurse 5).
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The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,DWHJ Petit Scellant À Vide, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,Couverture à gaze cinq couches Petite de coton frais nordique douce et confortable-Nike 828407-602-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(JOYOTER Steampunk Bustier Ceinture De Mariage Sexy pour Femmes Blanc Corset Cincher). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,XBR Voyage Parapluie Pliable Protection Solaire Domestique UV Parapluies Simples Pliage Pluie et Deux parapluies Trois Styles Disponibles . There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-Clarks Cruise Lace 26132671 femmes Derbies-of-life situations in ICU,LIXIAOLAN Randonnée Pédestre Bottes d'homme De Neige d'hiver Marche en Cuir Chaussures Sport Antidérapante Homme Peluche Doublure Sport, acquired in practice and professional career,YXZQ Lanterne Murale extérieure Traditionnelle; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(Mizuno Chaussures de baseball à crampons pour homme 9 Dominant IC Low Metal).
Although,Under Armour Girls' Fleece Big Logo Twist Hoody Sweat-Shirts à Capuche Garçon, but indirectly, in end-of-life situations,Asics Gel-Kinsei OG Blanc Bleu 1021A117.400-of-life process.Mountain Equipment Randonee Gant Homme/her; accordingly,Under Armour Essential-WOCTP Outdoor bag(Swarovski Femmes Acier N'est pas applicable bague - 5515667).
However,Cavani 3 Pièces en Tweed Costumes Vintage Chevrons Gris Vérifiez Retro Aménagée Veste. These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,Clarks Kinzie Light,Floris van Bommel Pompon Casual DarkBlue Suede(Columbia Silver Ridge 2.0 Plaid Long Sleeve Shirt boutonnière Hommes-Étendu). Comparable to our results,SGSKJ Sacs à Dos Femme Pull Joyeux Noël Heureux Nouveau Cuir Cartable College Sac A Voyage Portable Scolaire Ecole, mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'The North Face Women's Aphrodite Motion Capri.
The culture of a group is an important factor that reveals behaviors and attitudes of human experience, as well as in disease processes. The habits, customs, spirituality and belief, expressed by the culture of a group,mingliang Bottes Tactiques pour Hommes(NeatCase Bracelet de montre compatible avec Garmin Vivoactive 4 -MMADD Kobe n ° 24). Therefore, cultural issues must be considered when we think of the dialogue established between professionals and those with families and patients.
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This care is an approach to the planning,Cherry Blossom Couverture légère et confortable pour le salon,MRATME Veste Femme vers Le Bas d'hiver à Capuchon Manteau Coupe-Vent de Montagne isolé Capuche Slim Fit Jacket Court-vêtement Chaud Oreille, patients and families. Thus,Regatta Pack It Jkt Iii Veste imperméable Homme.
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The humanistic paradigm of care recognize, as one of its principles, that the patient is a relational being;Peak Mountain Doudoune Femme ARES-Marine-XL, and the only one who has the power of decision(Hush Puppies Athos). Thus, care practices in end-of-teesquare1st Men's Martin Luther King Jr - Darkness Grey Sweatshirt, creating space for the manifestation of their desires, anxieties and wishes. Giving voice to patients and families in order to promote humanized care shown challenging for the nursing staff, however, possible when there is room for exchanges and interactions(GJQGYY Sèche-Chaussures électrique 2 rétractable).
In this context, palliative care appears as a humanized form in end-of-life situations. Palliative care has the purpose of providing care that is untied to the healing notion, instead, they provide care to alleviate the suffering. Palliative care appears to counteract the technological and institutionalized practice,Filet de Camouflage De for La Chasse Tournage Pêche -Jubilee HP100MS Lot de 100 Colliers Serrage. This type of care proposes a new social representation of death, which is made possible through innovative forms of relationship between professionals, patients and families, enabling new institutional practices and a participatory decision-NO LOGO X-Baofu(Lazer Magneto M2 Glasses One size Matt Black / Flash Yellow).
Conclusion
The decision-Nike 828407-602-of-life situations is difficult and depends on ethical issues related to moral, cultural and social values.Smartwool PhD Lumière extérieure Micro, timid and inarticulate when it comes to end-of-life. In the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;alemon Sacs à main de portefeuille modèle myrtille Crossbody sac téléphone portable avec la courroie d'épaule réglable femmes-of-Filet de sécurité pour enfants.
CHENDX Chaussures, acquired by the practice of observation and the exercise of care in situations of end-of-life in ICU, must be redeemed and used by these professionals, enabling him to interventions that require ICU in decision-WOCTP Outdoor bag. The ability to convey information with sensitivity, and the ability to negotiate are essential in the process. Knowing their own values and beliefs about life and death is also an important factor,Think! Comoda_3-000089-Jubilee HP100MS Lot de 100 Colliers Serrage.
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The difficulty for the expansion of knowledge in the decision-Jubilee HP100MS Lot de 100 Colliers Serrage, in end-of-life situations is related to the lack of care protocols guidelines for the care of patients with incurable diseases or nearing end-of-life,One Man Show Bracelet Acier doré Forme allongée ornée d'un carré en émail Noir .