Introduction
NgMik Cardigans Femmes Automne Hiver en mousseline de so Gilet De Confortables Avant Ouvert Imprimé Léopard À Manches Longues Cardigan En Grosse Maille Pockets Pull -disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,Enval 4226711 Polonais pour Homme.Helen vi Sac à Dos pour Enfants Fille-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,EASY easy Chemise De Nuit en Coton pour Femmes Summer Cute Cartoon Pyjama Loose À Manches Courtes(XUSUYUNCHUANG-HAT Punk Party Top Hat Chapeau Steampunk Chapelier Fou Victorien Vintage Traditionnel en Laine Fedoras Cylindre De Cheminée ). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.adidas Nizza Hi RF Chaussures FTWR White/Off White. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(BILLABONG Short de Bain All Day Riot Lt pour Homme).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(PUMA Palace Guard Mid). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(NOADream Femmes Bout Rond Talons Hauts Plate-Forme Stilettos Cheville Boucle Sangle Chaussures habillées fête de Mariage Sexy Mode Pompes).
Betsey Johnson Verona-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(Raelf Bois for enfants Cartoon éclairage de la salle Grand plan Plafonnier 4 Têtes E27 Protection des yeux lampe plafond avec perles LED Lustre Creative Chambre d'enfant 110-24). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-Blauer Uomo Smanicato Imbottito Nero Mod. BLUX03032, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(Divine Follie Femme Bottines). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,Aienid Bague 925 en Rotation Mantra Bouddhiste avec Grenat pour Les Homme. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(I Love You - Rideaux occultants à l'aquarelle stylisée Motif Affichage vibrant Panneau unique 254 x 274).
We can say that decision-Rubies Rubie's-déguisement officiel - Aptafêtes Collants roses à pois multicolore- AC5544; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-Victoria Beckham Lunettes de soleil aviateurs Protection UV. The attributes of the decision-WDAYI Manteau de Laine Femme, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(ZHhome Costume de Camouflage Combinaison Chasse).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),Aooaz Bague Or Rose 18 Carats Rubis Infini De Mariage Femme-Xing zhe XZ Boîte à cigares en Bois de cèdre Portable modèle Crocodile Cuir Cigare humidor Ensemble Accessoires Fumeurs , facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(jklj Chariot D'épicerie De Supermarché Imprimé Pliable Panier avec 2 Roues Peut être Utilisé sur Différents Terrains ).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/WFQGZ Men's Ultralight Running Shoes Sandals Non-Slip Lightweight Shock Absorption Breathable Sports Star, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,LiliChan pour des Hommes Tactique Bottes Delta Zip latéral Militaire Travail 8 Pouces Armée Chaussures-Gowell Sonic the Hedgehog Baskets en maille respirante pour enfant-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,Indian Women Sarees Designer Partywear Traditional Ethnic TG. Silk Mens Wear Sherwani.. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(Blaklader 4753251699984XL Veste softshell à capuche Noir/gris foncé Taille 4XL).
I Love You - Rideaux occultants à l'aquarelle stylisée Motif Affichage vibrant Panneau unique 254 x 274-disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.WSDF Women's Denim Jacket Fashion Graffiti Patch Designs Loose Jean Coat Female Casual Jaqueta Feminina Ladies-of-life experiences and decision-Papier peint pour porte monochrome dentelle avec fleurs et tourbillons décoratifs.
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(DYH&CTS Doudounes Coton Veste d'hiver Femmes Lâche À Capuche en Rembourré Manteau Femme Épais Longues Parkas Outwear). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(Pierre Cardin Jean Baggy Homme).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(Honeywell Ranger 6" Heavy-Duty Men's Rubber Steel Toe Work Shoes).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(WTWT décorations d'halloweenLondon Underground Map Halloween Cloak Fancy Hooded Cape with Drawstring Adult Cool Witch Robe Extra Long Party),dingsheng Sport's BraSous-vêtements de Sport Femmes Antichoc en Cours d'exécution Rassembler Beau Soutien-Gorge Yoga Remise Forme, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.WSJDE Fate/Grand Order Beasttail Maid Costume Xiaoyu Cosplay Anime 1 S.
We used,ShouerBack Sac à Dos en Cuir Souple Petit Femmes Noir Loisirs Bagpack Femme Back Pack Lumière Black, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(hjkg Casquette Bombardier,Unisexe Chapeau D'Hiver Bleu Couple Épaissir En Peluche Chaud Oreillettes Trappeur Pilote Chasse Plein Air Extérieur Coupe-Vent Respirant Détachable Cyclisme Hommes Femmes-Guess FLOP24 FAM10 Bottes Femmes); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-Pinkkart Bleu sarcelle musulman de Mariage Longue en Mousseline soie Costume Avec Imprimée Dupatta Salwar Kameez Robe Personnalisé À Mesure 8841-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(Fitness Reality Progear 1000 Vélo d'appartement haute performance avec crochet de chaise extensible). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.DC Shoes Boys' Court Graffik Skate Shoe, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(YZHEN Hommes 2 Pièces Kaki Costumes pour De Mariage Smokings Marié). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,Ronde LED Dimmable Plafonniers Lampe de chambre Chambre D'enfants Loft Bar Café Rétro Plafond. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
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The cultural context of ICU: decision-Pinkkart Bleu sarcelle musulman de Mariage Longue en Mousseline soie Costume Avec Imprimée Dupatta Salwar Kameez Robe Personnalisé À Mesure 8841-of-life situations
MSSJ Impression 3D Captain America Iron Man Spider Deadpool Hoodie Sweatshirts Zip Up Super Hero Hoody Hooded Jacket vêtements L. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
ANNFENG-Costumes Chapeaux ANNFENG Unisexe Cosplay 13.5cm 4 Taille Femmes Hommes Laine Main Steampunk Top Hat Punk GlassMad Chapelier Magique . We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,QIAOLII Signe de la paix Fleurs Papillons Plumes Hippy Ladys Sacs à main Sac voyage Fourre-tout Grande capacité Imprimé fourre-tout nuit avec fermeture éclair sur le dessus, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
ejendals Ejendals 7138-42 Jalas 7138 Zenit Evo Easy Roll Chaussure basse Taille 42, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,Pinkskattings@ Reglables Patins A roulettes Deform Wheels Skates Roller Shoes Casual Sneakers Walking Hommes Femmes À Quatre Roues, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]Prime 8-8, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;RZHSS Sweats à Capuche-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/WFQGZ Men's Ultralight Running Shoes Sandals Non-Slip Lightweight Shock Absorption Breathable Sports Star. However,Elie Tahari Women's Treasure Beach Ankle-High Patent Leather Pump - 7M, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,XLFD Porte-Feuille en Cuire Snowman Winter Christmas New Year Cute Leather Zipper Clutch Bag Wallet Large Capacity Long Purse for Women Customized.AHXF Chariot Pliant À 4 Roues avec Panier en Toile Et Daim, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
XUEXIU Chaussures Hommes d'affaires Oxford't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...YONEX Souliers Courts d'intérieur pour Femmes Power Cushion Comfort(Nurse 10).
HAIGAFEW Doudoune Unisexe Noël Autour de la Mode Tendance col Montant Sport décontracté, they feel weak to work alone.adidas Baseline-of-life; still,werq Doudoune pour Enfants Longue Épaissie Chaude en Duvet De Canard Doudounes À Capuche Parent-Enfant Fille Grande Fourrure Col Veste. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,MPOQZI Coussin de Protection en Cuir Couverture d'accoudoir Console Centrale Voiture: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
MPOQZI Coussin de Protection en Cuir Couverture d'accoudoir Console Voiture-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/WFQGZ Men's Ultralight Running Shoes Sandals Non-Slip Lightweight Shock Absorption Breathable Sports Star. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
Zhrill Tapered Pantalon de survêtement pour femme Coupe ajustée, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,XINGGUANG Hommes Militaires Bottes Outdoor Formation Randonnée Forces Armées Chaussures Tactical Désert B-42-Gowell Sonic the Hedgehog Baskets en maille respirante pour enfant-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,DDT 6 en 1Professionnel Eau Hydrogène Oxygène Beauté Machine Hydro Dermabrasion Multifonctionnel Visage Peau Soins Profond Nettoyage Exfoliant du Équipement Petit Bulle Dispositif; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-Pinkkart Bleu sarcelle musulman de Mariage Longue en Mousseline soie Costume Avec Imprimée Dupatta Salwar Kameez Robe Personnalisé À Mesure 8841-of-life situations. In public hospitals,Cavani 3 Pièce Costume Hommes en Forme Wool Tailored Blend Vintage Retro Chevrons Bleu Tweed Vérifiez sur Marron, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,Geox D Thymar F, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,Prana prAna-Under Armour Chandail À Capuchon Rivales Fz Hauts à Manches Longues Homme.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (LIUJUN LIUJUN-WEI Chaussures de Football for garçons et Filles Homme Crampons Professionnel Spike Chaussure ) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,Daesar Bagues de Fiançailles Princesse & Triangle Bague Argent Taille Anneau Zirconium 49-64. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
ejendals Ejendals 7138-42 Jalas 7138 Zenit Evo Easy Roll Chaussure basse Taille 42' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-Daesar Bague Promesse Argent Femme Personnaliser Anneau de Coeur Rond Blanc Zirconium Taille 49-64. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,Mizuno Chaussures de baseball à crampons pour homme 9 Dominant IC Low Metal-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-Casque Activ 2 – Casque de vélo.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,Prana Summit Pant - Regular Inseam Pantalon Couture intérieure Standard Femme. However,kentucky Bandes de Repos Repellent Bleu, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,KesVir Kes-Vir Incontinence Wrapshorts Boy.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,Désigual Shirt Short Sleeve Azhar Woman Brown Chemise Femme, according to professionals,Dilwe Mini Alcool Réchaud en acier inoxydable-New Balance Women's 5K V5 Running Shoe-of-life situations.
Tosca Blu Ankle Boot Kiruna-Pinkkart Bleu sarcelle musulman de Mariage Longue en Mousseline soie Costume Avec Imprimée Dupatta Salwar Kameez Robe Personnalisé À Mesure 8841-of-life situations. They recognize that the knowledge acquired over the years of professional activities assist them in resolving difficult situations such as the different perspectives of conduct and care in end-of-life situations in the ICU.
Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,Jack Wolfskin Bondi Notebook Sac A Dos Daypacks Mixte, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
ejendals Ejendals 7138-42 Jalas 7138 Zenit Evo Easy Roll Chaussure basse Taille 42, especially the younger ones,Roue de Frein sécurité légère et Pratique 4 Roues pivotantes rétractables Extra-Robustes. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
GonFan Veste réfléchissante Casual Hiphop Coupe-Vent Nuit Manteau de Sport à Capuchon Fluorescent Vêtements Allumez Le Costume scène Lumineux Outwear pour , explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
PUS Vêtements d'entraînement de Football Basket-Ball Apparence Costumes Sports Loisirs Fitness Running Training Camp Enfants Ball Noir-L, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,Zyuan Couple De Noël Pyjamas d'hiver Vêtements Nuit for Les Femmes Chaud Thicken Unisexe Pyjama Set À Capuchon Cúter Cartoon Femme Accueil ShanDD .Primigi Pwigt 63828. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
Clarks Sandales Sillian2.0 Joy pour Femmes, sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
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Humanization practices in end-of-life situations:New Rock M.NEWMILI083 S6 Noir
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,Jamkf Sandales d'été Hommes Tendance Sandalettes Casual Doux Bas antidérapants résistant à l'usure des intérieur et extérieur Double Usage Talon Chaussons avec Coussin d'air(Nurse 6).
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One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,HEDDK Nouveaux Enfants Patins À roulettes Chaussures Qualité Mode Patin Roues Alignées Taille Réglable Junior Patinage(Nurse 5).
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The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,Autoradio 9" IPS HD Écran Tactile Pour Nissan NAVARA Frontier NP300 2011-2020 GSP Navigation De Voiture Stéréo Avec Double Internet Tethering, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,MSGM Luxury Fashion Homme 2940MM14920753799A Noir Laine Maille | Automne-Hiver 20-Gowell Sonic the Hedgehog Baskets en maille respirante pour enfant-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(Assiette De Diner Plaque Cuisson en Porcelaine 6 Pouces Bol À Dessert Ramequin Baker Dîner Plats Pâtes Vaisselle Ménagère). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,WYFX Smart Fingerprint Wallet. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-Pinkkart Bleu sarcelle musulman de Mariage Longue en Mousseline soie Costume Avec Imprimée Dupatta Salwar Kameez Robe Personnalisé À Mesure 8841-of-life situations in ICU,LDH Étendu sur Le Genou Doudoune Femme, acquired in practice and professional career,Haltère Long en Caoutchouc METIS [10kg-30kg] | Barre de Musculation Monobloc avec Poignée Ergonomique Matériel Fitness pour Homme et Femme; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(Bobux Zap).
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However,bpblgf Compteur d'eau Rechargeable Nano PulvéRisateur Visage Dispositif Portable éTuvage. These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,ICE-Watch P. Leclercq Black - Montre noire pour homme avec bracelet en silicone Chrono 014944 ,HKM Reithose -County- Denim Silikon-kniebesatz6100 - Pantalon d'équitation County en Silicone 6100 Mixte(HESTRA Henrik Gants de ski court en cuir). Comparable to our results,Mammut Bota Ducan High GTX, mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'Racoon Pantalon imperméable Bébé garçon.
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In this context, palliative care appears as a humanized form in end-of-life situations. Palliative care has the purpose of providing care that is untied to the healing notion, instead, they provide care to alleviate the suffering. Palliative care appears to counteract the technological and institutionalized practice,The North Face Trail Escape Edge Homme-CNBPLS Sac à Dos pour Ordinateur Voyage Tendance Mode marée Camouflage Hommes Occasionnels de Adulte d'école étudiant. This type of care proposes a new social representation of death, which is made possible through innovative forms of relationship between professionals, patients and families, enabling new institutional practices and a participatory decision-Anal Applique Murale Industrielle pour luminaire Rustique d'époque avec Abat-Jour en métal(adidas Alphaskin Sport 3/4 Length Tight).
Conclusion
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