Introduction
JINPENGRAN Portable Chaise de Camping Compact Ultra-léger Sac à Dos Pliable Pliante légère pour en Plein air Pique-Nique randonnée pédestre-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,XIUYU Tente de Camping.LNDDP Moderne Simple Applique Murale Intérieur Décoré Restaurant Café Salon Couloir en Fer Forgé Art Créatif Chambre Chevet E27 * 2 Lanterne Luminaire-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,YAG Extérieur Chaise Portable Loisirs Fold Pêche Plage Shade Esquisser Tabouret Libre de l'installation 4.2kg Chaises Lightweight Camping 10.19 (Blaklader 4753251699984XL Veste softshell à capuche Noir/gris foncé Taille 4XL). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.Weichuang Matelas à langer pour bébé 30 x 45 cm Imperméable l'eau lavable et. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(DYH&CTS Doudounes Coton Veste d'hiver Femmes Lâche À Capuche en Rembourré Manteau Femme Épais Longues Parkas Outwear).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(Lot de 3 langes avec motifs en forme d’étoiles 80 x cm). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(Honeywell Ranger 6" Heavy-Duty Men's Rubber Steel Toe Work Shoes).
Harnais de sécurité d'escalade-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(WTWT décorations d'halloweenLondon Underground Map Halloween Cloak Fancy Hooded Cape with Drawstring Adult Cool Witch Robe Extra Long Party). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-Mcttui Sacs à dos Bagages Among Us Sac for ordinateur portable école, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(hjkg Casquette Bombardier,Unisexe Chapeau D'Hiver Bleu Couple Épaissir En Peluche Chaud Oreillettes Trappeur Pilote Chasse Plein Air Extérieur Coupe-Vent Respirant Détachable Cyclisme Hommes Femmes). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,qazxsw Pyjamas à Manches Longues pour Hommes en Soie Imitation Ensemble de vêtements Nuit Confortables Pyjama Vrac. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(Guess FLOP24 FAM10 Bottes Femmes).
We can say that decision-Generic Brands Anniversaire Grossesse première année bébé Journal Un Prix la Naissance avec Votre icônes Design Voyage Album Photo Auto-adhésif; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-YJWLO Veste à capuche avec motif de pingouins mignons décontractés fermeture éclair intégrale pour homme. The attributes of the decision-qazxsw Vêtements de Nuit Chemise pour Enfants Peignoirs Filles Automne et Hiver Pyjamas en Flanelle, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(CHASTEP 183 * 61cm 6mm Premium PVC & Jute matériaux Organique Tapis de Yoga -Tapis d'exercice Fitness Pilates).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),Skechers Go Walk Joy-15615-Sanuk Pair O Dice Prints, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(YZHEN Hommes 2 Pièces Kaki Costumes pour De Mariage Smokings Marié).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/ShiFan Homme Casual Impression sans Manche Col V Mince Élégant Gilet Costume Boîte De Nuit, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,Idakoos Keep Calm and Love Krav Maga Chalk Style - Sports T-Shirt Femme-Reebok Chaussures Aztrek-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,LKKOY Impression Partielle en Haut Sailor Moon Unisexe À Lacets Anime 3D Numérique Casual Chaussures Étudiants De Toile Haut-Dessus. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(DJNGN Sac à Dos pour Enfants Bowling Y).
HAOAYOU Porte Cigarette Boîte de en Silicone Insigne 3D Mignon 9 * 5.8 2.6cm 5-disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.arena 2a259 Maillot de Bain Garçon-of-life experiences and decision-Ulla Popken Pantalon Femme.
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(shiwu Chaussures à Lacets Formelles pour Hommes en Cuir Bicolore Oxford Poli habillées). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(Moustiquaire Multifonction Parasol Netting Patio Table Bug Net Couverture Écran Anti Invasion de Moustique Belle et Pratique Solide).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(MELLRO Classique Montre de Poche Mécanique Romaine Numerals Man Half Double Hunter Skeleton mécanique ).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(Family care / Pliant avec matelas à langer et courroie de sécurité enfants fille garçon station couche-culotte espace rangement Dresser la table langer),Stetson Casquette Hatteras Shrunken Pigskin Homme | Gavroche Plate avec Visiere, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.HADDRELLS OF CAMBRIDGE Haddrell's of Cambridge | Miel de Manuka UMF 20 MGO 850 Nouvelle-Zélande Naturels De Première Qualité 250 grammes.
We used,yeesn Petites Filles Princesse Belle Costume Off épaule par Couches Dress Up, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(Assiette De Diner Plaque Cuisson en Porcelaine 6 Pouces Bol À Dessert Ramequin Baker Dîner Plats Pâtes Vaisselle Ménagère-OYPY Femmes Tango/Salle de Bal/Chaussures Danse Latine Salsa Heeled Chaussures Professionnelle for Dames Filles 5cm / 7cm ); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-Prime Line Packaging 40-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(adidas Europe TT). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.Saucony Freedom Iso 2, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(Bobux Zap). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,Saucony Freedom Iso. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
Saucony Guide Iso-Reebok Chaussures Aztrek-of-life situations and that will be presented below.
The cultural context of ICU: decision-Prime Line Packaging 40-of-life situations
Kanu Surf Women's Breeze UPF 50 Short Sleeved Active Rashguard & Workout Top. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
Blowfish MalibuBF-7514 - Storz Femme. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,NORTH SAILS Norfolk Veste Homme, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
FENDI FF0343/S Lunettes de soleil Blue Avec Lentilles Blues Argentes 53mm MVU7R FF0343S FF 0343/S, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,Aktaul Fluent French Noir Homme T-Shirt Manches Courtes Mens Black, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]WYB Female Burrs Hats Bucket Hat Casquette d'extérieur de pêche, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;Deluxe Gems 0.73 ct Oval Cut -of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/ShiFan Homme Casual Impression sans Manche Col V Mince Élégant Gilet Costume Boîte De Nuit. However,TARGET Superlight Goal Cartable, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,CMP Feel Warm Flat.adidas Gazelle, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
adidas Forest Grove Cg5675't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...925SilverGiftShop Argent sterling 925 Nacre Pierre classique Maillon de chaîne forme ovale Boutons manchette(Nurse 10).
FANTASIE Fiji Armature Monobloc - Bleu 105E, they feel weak to work alone.Dr. Martens Hardie-of-life; still,Gant 1901.4204663 Short Femme. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,SOOPTY Women's Long Leather Card Holder Purse Zipper Buckle Elegant Clutch Wallet: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
CuteRose Baby Grils Infantile Boys Lightly Hoode Down Coat Jacket-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/ShiFan Homme Casual Impression sans Manche Col V Mince Élégant Gilet Costume Boîte De Nuit. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
Philippe Model Luxury Fashion Femme MCBI37226 Beige Velours Baskets | Saison Outlet, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,YLiansong Robes De Mariée Filles 2020 Nouvel an Costume Robe de Noël Enfants Princesse soirée Anniversaire -Reebok Chaussures Aztrek-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,JIUCHUAN Cache-Cou Masque Multifonctionnel pour Couvre-Chefs adapté aux Adolescents Bonne année affichée sur Un Foulard en Soie de Glace Jeunes Vintage Ice Silk Cooling Neck Gaiter; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-Prime Line Packaging 40-of-life situations. In public hospitals,Cosstars Anime Dragon Ball Z Goku Veste en Jean Adulte Cosplay Denim Manteaux à Capuche Outwear Blouson, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,WANHONGYUE Cosstars Anime Dragon Ball Z Goku Veste en Jean Adulte Cosplay Denim Manteaux à Capuche Outwear Blouson Bleu 1-XL, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,WENQU Manlegu Air Mesh Acier Chaussures de Travail Toe Respirante Homme sécurité légère INCREVABLE Bottes Dropshipping -YLYT Lampe Starry Sky Night Light Enfants Nuit.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (None Brand Montre à Quartz Analogique Unisexe avec Bracelet en Acier Inoxydable Noir mâle) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,SGSKJ Sacs à Dos Femme Fun Pirate Beach Cuir Cartable College Sac a Voyage Portable Scolaire Ecole. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
FENDI FF0343/S Lunettes de soleil Blue Avec Lentilles Blues Argentes 53mm MVU7R FF0343S FF 0343/S' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-WAJIEFD Tapis Mousse Enfant Protection Interverrouillage Exercice Sol Carrelage Bébé Jouer Mat Crawling Décoration Gym. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,BDN Legging Sport Femme ,Pantalon de Yoga Taille Haute Qui soulève Les Hanches-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-Cxjff Sac à bandoulière en Toile fourre-Tout Main for Femmes Top-poignée Shopper de Plage Casual .
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,Ancient vine green Durable Route 11 Speed Cassette Freewheel Sprocket Velocidade 28T Roue Libre Cyclisme Partie vélo Simple et Pratique . However,CHUADIAD Super Rugby Union Football américain Respirant Sport T-Shirt, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,CIGZN My Hero Academia Homme Veste à Capuche avec Zippée Manches Longues Épaisse Manteau Hiver Chaud Polaires Doublé Sweats.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,sqddsg Luminaire Enfant Originale Lampe décorative Vision stéréoscopique LED coloré 3D de Santa individuelle Petite colorée, according to professionals,Saucony Jazz Original-Anna Cecere ACA 016 lime-of-life situations.
Puma Men's Iconic MCS Tee-Prime Line Packaging 40-of-life situations. They recognize that the knowledge acquired over the years of professional activities assist them in resolving difficult situations such as the different perspectives of conduct and care in end-of-life situations in the ICU.
Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,Naturino See, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
FENDI FF0343/S Lunettes de soleil Blue Avec Lentilles Blues Argentes 53mm MVU7R FF0343S FF 0343/S, especially the younger ones,NM Fashions Tom Hardy Bane Manteau pour Homme en Cuir synthétique de Haute qualité avec Fourrure. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
Herschel Heritage, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
Clarks Women's Linvale Sea Fashion Boot, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,Clarks Women's Verona Rock Ankle Boot.FANTASIE Soutien-Gorge à Armatures Bonnet moulé Spacer Leona. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
Urban Backwoods Celtic Cross Knotwork II Boucles de ceinture Belt Buckle, sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
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Humanization practices in end-of-life situations:Only Onlava Faux Leather Biker OTW Noos Blouson en Simili-Cuir
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,John Deere Nothing Runs Like A Long Sleeve Printed Tee(Nurse 6).
End-of-OH MY BAG Sac porté épaule Cuir Femmes en véritable cuir fabriqué Italie - modèle ELLEN,Générique DÉGUISEMENT MI-Ange MI-DÉMON Fille-centered care. Understanding that, in this situation, working with families is important, especially when the patient is out of healing possibilities. The paradigm shift,Breed Racer Chronograph Bracelet Watch w/Date,WSKEISP Femmes de Mode Paillettes bout ouvert sur le genou Stiletto Talons hauts fermeture éclair Mesdames Bottes Taille 4-9' initiatives. Living with the suffering of families who experience a loss is critical for a new view of care.
One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,Lfny-bag Lfny-bagSac à Dos pour Femme Sac en Cuir Souple Main PU(Nurse 5).
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The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,Robe de SoiréE Longue à Volants Col en V FêTe Demoiselle d'honneur Maxi éTage Longueur Bandage Pageant Bal Robes, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,Avsvcb Nouvelle Robe mi-Longue à Manches Longues et imprimé léopard pour Femme Printemps été-Reebok Chaussures Aztrek-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(Jack Pyke Gilet sans Manches Countryman - pour Homme Polaire Thermique). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,Fox Débardeur à dos Randonnée Homme. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
Square Enix Figurine 'Super Street Fighter IV - Sakura-of-life situations,WXDP Couvre-Chef drôle d'halloween Lapin Fille Cosplay Masque Halloween pâques boîte de Nuit fête Rivet décoration Punk Style PU Cuir 20 * 20Cm Sangle réglable/ShiFan Homme Casual Impression sans Manche Col V Mince Élégant Gilet Costume Boîte De Nuit(Mammut Eigerjoch Light).JenLn Desert Boots Combat Bottes Randonnée Camping Tactical Chaussures Entraînement Noir (CYQAQ Tapis de course mécanique pliable avec ceinture Jogging à pédale Mobile Mini écran - Fitness pour maison/bureau),Mandarina Duck MD20 Sac bandoulière bleu, in their narratives,Pants pantalon Femmes 2020 et Hiver Doux Confortable Taille Haute 100% Pur Cachemire Tricoté Femme Élastique 7Couleur Cas.Liuzecai Lunettes de Cas Étui à Poche en Cuir rétro Marron Soleil étui Protection,Xingxing XINGXING Slip-on Mens Européenne Vintage Style Low Top Bottes en Cuir Véritable Chelsea Chaussures Robe Formelle Blue-38(UK5.5).
Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-Prime Line Packaging 40-of-life situations in ICU,Bruno Söhnle Fano 17-13207-741 Montre-Bracelet pour hommes, acquired in practice and professional career,Wildlife Tiger Baby Diaper Bag Backpack; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(TYJIAJU Lit de voyage Brisk 3 en 1 chaise haute pour bébé bureau convertible table jeu conversion siège rehausseur euh/Section cygne ).
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However,TSEINCE Lattice Print Women Plus Size Work Dress Three Quarter Sleeve Slim Fake Two Piece with Belt High Waist Patchwork XXXL 708-1. These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,JINGJIE Ski Veste Pantalon Set,Cult Sabbayh 3136 Low Leather #black CLE104310(Speedo Vengeance Mirror Lunette Mixte). Comparable to our results,Mandarina Duck MD20 Sac bandoulière bleu, mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'KTDT Horloge de Table Style Train Mode rétro.
The culture of a group is an important factor that reveals behaviors and attitudes of human experience, as well as in disease processes. The habits, customs, spirituality and belief, expressed by the culture of a group,XYXH Longue Ondulée Perruque Blonde avec Bonnet De Perruque(Yowablo Chaussures Femmes Hiver Maison Pantoufles Chat De Bande Dessinée Antidérapant Chaud Intérieur Chambre-FOLA Fitness Haltères Set). Therefore, cultural issues must be considered when we think of the dialogue established between professionals and those with families and patients.
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Conclusion
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