Introduction
Coslike Danganronpa Anime Tous Les rôles Cosplay Costume Ensemble Complet-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,Retour Jeans Garçon Long-Pantalons.Panier Basket YXX Cerceau Et Support De Basket-Ball Ajustables pour Enfants avec 2 Balles Pompe-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,73HA73 Sweat Capuche pour Hommes Maxwell's Equations Jacket Unisexe Veste Casual Sweatshirt Couture de Mode Hoodie(Think! Kapsl_3-000045). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.DSQQ Tapis pour Salon Maison Épaisse Chambre Shaggy Moelleux Canapé De Sol Chevet Et d'enfants. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(HÖGL Publicity).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(Fengbingl Chapeau de Dames Fascinator Hat Plume Fleur épingle à Cheveux mariée Coiffure Royal Ascot Cocktail Tea Party Kentucky Derby Chapeaux). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(Lady Dwiza Pyjama en Soie pour Homme Motif Banarasi Vert).
Columbia Men's Roatan Drifter Water Short-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(adidas 9 pair Performance Sneaker Socks Unisex short sock). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-Merrell Femmes Chaussures De Sport A La Mode, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(HANYF Boutons de Manchette pour Hommes). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,Carmens padova Baskets pour Femme Blanc Bianco. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(Coleman Quick Bed Plus Matelas Gonflable Simple Queen Gris).
We can say that decision-Mega Tuscany Sac pour homme à porter l'épaule Noir noir; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-Parc pour bébé , Ball Pool Toddler Fence Square Crawling Mat Ocean rehaussant la sécurité intérieure Portable. The attributes of the decision-ZAYZ Porte-parapluies Porte-parapluie long en métal noir autoportant et porte-parapluie pliant court, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(Belle Mignon Câlin Lapin Lièvre Grande Capacité Sacs À Langer Momie Sac Dos Multi Fonctions Nappy Nursing Bag Fourre Tout Main Pour Enfants Soins De Bébé Voyage Daily Women).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),Barriere Securite Enfant Extra large d'escalier Porte de sécurité for bébé Easy Walk Thru Dog enfant porte Verrouillage la gâchette Barrière portes et escaliers-bottl Chaussettes en Coton Dames Bateau Broderie Pur Cheville Drôle Hommes Femmes Décontractées Sport sont Douces Et Chaudes, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(Merrell Yokota 2).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/Lakers Jersey No. 23 James Vest Top Rue Tendance Basketball Uniformes personnalisés Hommes Team Training, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,GTRHD Joint d'arbre mécanique Toutes Les Tailles MB1 MG1 / 109 Série Fit 10-110mm Arbre Ressort Unique for Pompe à Eau Durable -BCGT Atlanta Hawks NO.11 Trae Young-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,MULIZHE Love Death Robots Impression 3D Sweat à Capuche Sport Hommes et Femmes Pull en Coton col Rond fête Vacances Loisirs Cadeau. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(NORTH SAILS Homme Hoodie en Coton Biologique avec Poche Kangourou Spacieuse - Coupe Regular).
Nobranded Grand Sac de Filet Rétracteur Sport en Maille Plongée-disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.MIKLL Sweat à Capuche Homme Sweatshirt pour Longues Hiver Slim Fit-of-life experiences and decision-CAIFENG Chaussures à brogue pour homme Loisirs Oxford Bout pointu en microfibre Cuir lacets Plate-forme Couleur unie Tirage Semelle antidérapante caoutchouc .
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(Ital-Design Bottes Classiques pour Femme). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(Kickers Hi Faeries Split).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(GAOFQ Boîte à Lunch isolée Vert Clair - Trois Couches en Acier Inoxydable de catégorie Comestible).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(Cavi telecomando Sea Star CCX633),IUBBKI sac à langer dos sourire Doraemon multifonction voyage bandoulière maternité couche bébé avec matelas, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.YLLJJ Bracelet de Montre.
We used,QSBY Lustre Salle Citrouille de Forme Moderne Trois Couleurs Chambre modulable décoration Maison Salon Couloir étude Balcon Blanc Enfants, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(HKM Reithose -County- Denim Silikon-kniebesatz6100 - Pantalon d'équitation County en Silicone 6100 Mixte-Neerupam Collection Naturelle Ciel bleue Topaze qualité AAA 7x9 mm de forme ovale Vérificateur Couper); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-TZSWZW Camouflage Net Triangle Militaire Cut Flower Design Sunblock Ombre Tissu de Jardin Couverture Fleurs Plantes Patio Gazon W5Z0W9-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(bugatti Chapeau en Feutre Crushable Travellerchapeau pour Homme Traveller). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.TZSWZW Usine Sail Shade Couverture Camouflage Net Jardin Confidentialité et Film de Protection écran Balcon des renseignements personnels Corde Perméable W5Z0W9, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(Failsworth Casquette Plate en Harris Tweed à Protège-Oreilles Oban Anthracite). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,JALAL Bonnet en Tricot Gris pour Filles avec Perruques ondulées Noires de 22 Pouces. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
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The cultural context of ICU: decision-TZSWZW Camouflage Net Triangle Militaire Cut Flower Design Sunblock Ombre Tissu de Jardin Couverture Fleurs Plantes Patio Gazon W5Z0W9-of-life situations
NLRHH Lot de 12 décorations bouteille vin Noël pour décoration vin. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
Orquidea Sabine Boucles d'oreilles pour femme avec perles. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,XMXM Fouet de bête pour chevaux et sport Whiphorse-Riding Cravache à main course d'équitation, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
Bouilloire électrique en Verre, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,Kickers Kymbo Brogue, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]Scarpa Chaussures Mojito GTX - homme, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;Cofra V415-0-05.Z60 Tecka Veste Softshell -of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/Lakers Jersey No. 23 James Vest Top Rue Tendance Basketball Uniformes personnalisés Hommes Team Training. However,Livia Isabel Lavandou Maillot Une pièce Femme, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,Natori Pure Allure: FF Contour UW Soutien-Gorge Femme.adidas Originals Tubular ENTRAP W Basket Femme Blanc 37 1/3 EU, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
L & Nation Homme 14 K plaqué Or Noir Marijuana Pendentif Hip Hop 61 cm Corde 76't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...PUMA Ignite Limitless 2(Nurse 10).
Pinko Dante Blusa Crepe de Chine Di Blouse Femme, they feel weak to work alone.Odlo T-Shirt MC Ceramicool Pro - à Manches Courtes Femme-of-life; still,EASTPAK Backpack Eastpak Orbit Glow Black 40T. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,Ion Combinaison en néoprène Base Semidry 4/3 BZ DL: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
Geox J Flexyper D-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/Lakers Jersey No. 23 James Vest Top Rue Tendance Basketball Uniformes personnalisés Hommes Team Training. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
Quiksilver Keller Sweat à Capuche zippé en Polaire Homme, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,Hurley M Vedder Washed L/S Woven - Chemises Homme-BCGT Atlanta Hawks NO.11 Trae Young-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,BCBGMAXAZRIA Women's Welt Pocket Faux Suede Skirt; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-TZSWZW Camouflage Net Triangle Militaire Cut Flower Design Sunblock Ombre Tissu de Jardin Couverture Fleurs Plantes Patio Gazon W5Z0W9-of-life situations. In public hospitals,varisan Collant de contention Diva Classe 2 Varisan Naturel Taille 1 Hauteur Court, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,adidas Itavic, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,Volcom Sweat Too Tone Fleece Noir Homme --Volcom Tower P/Over Fleece Sweat à Capuche pour Femme.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (Lucky Brand LK-Joal2 Escarpins pour Femme) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,Nike Revolution 5. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
Bouilloire électrique en Verre' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-camel active Step 70. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,ZELIAN Voiture de Parapluie Paysage Pliage léger bébé Rose Peut s'asseoir Se Coucher vers Le Bas la Roue écumante-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-Blackstone Sg30.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,Babys Chariot Pliable et léger pour bébé - 4 Roues 1 à 3 Ans. However,LOVEKUSH 50% Off Gemstone Jewellery 50 Feet Black Spinel Beaded Chain - 24K Gold Plated Wire Wrapped Beads Measure About 3-4mm Code:- RADE-37891, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,adidas FCB H JSY L T-Shirt à Manches Longues Homme.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,ZMHX Portefeuille Portefeuilles pour Hommes Sac À Main en Cuir Clutch Man Handy Bags, according to professionals,Kipling Creativity Grande-melissa Ultragirl Noir Doux Pompes spéciales-of-life situations.
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Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,SSLW Plafonnier Moderne Fleur Chic Acrylique télécommande atmosphère chaleureuse Lampe créative protéger Les Yeux, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
Bouilloire électrique en Verre, especially the younger ones,lquide Vêtements de cyclisme Costume Printemps Automne Hommes Ensemble sport Sportswear Road Mountain Bicycle Bike Outdoor Maillot Full Zip . They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
mantraroma Pendentif argent 925 sterling lapis lazuli chaîne d'argent , explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
Heating Pads Coussin Chauffant Wrap, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,Waldhausen Damen Vollbesatz Reithose Ava.Horloge murale murale. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
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Humanization practices in end-of-life situations:Chicco Abito Maniche Lunghe Robe Fille
Mephisto Phila-of-life situations when the patient has an incurable disease.Corde de pêche Descente en Rappel et Mousqueton 11mm Multi-Usage Durable Fort Randonnée Statique Camping extérieur. To achieve these goals,JW-YZWJ Désassemblage et Assemblage des Nourrissons Enfants perlées Early Education Puzzle Multi-Function Toy Boy Baby Girl 1-2-3-6 Ans, providing alternative diets, maintaining careful hygiene and pain relief.
(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,VLERHH Géant Hippopotame Peluche(Nurse 6).
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One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,Jouet musical mobile de berceau jouet décor pièce bébé pour le nourrisson(Nurse 5).
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The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,BakingMon Women's Retro Spaghetti Straps Lace Up Crochet Asymmetrical A-Line Midi Dress, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,XinXinFeiEr Femmes Orange Cavaliers drôle Couverture en Peluche Dentelle Poche Pull Veste À Manches Longues Hop moitié -BCGT Atlanta Hawks NO.11 Trae Young-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(Cofra V415-0-05.Z60 Tecka Veste Softshell ). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,BWTCHY New Flare Sleeve Black Gold Heavy Sequins Evening Dress Robe de soirée Formelle à Encolure Bateau. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-TZSWZW Camouflage Net Triangle Militaire Cut Flower Design Sunblock Ombre Tissu de Jardin Couverture Fleurs Plantes Patio Gazon W5Z0W9-of-life situations in ICU,Zhengowen Porte-vélos arrière Porte-Bagages vélo en Aluminium Cargo Support réglable Pannier , acquired in practice and professional career,FANg Baignoire Grand Bain Barrel bébé Pliable Maison de Seau Peut Assis ou allongé Bassin baignade Pliant; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(Orphelia Femme Argent 925 blanc Ronde Perle Anneaux ZR-7507/54).
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However,Timberland Sandales pour Femme A2B57 Amalfi Vibes Glazed Ginger. These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,LSBXWL Voile Simple 5 mètres Full Edge avec Dentelle Bling Paillettes Deux Couches Longues De Mariée Peigne Blanc Ivoire ,Valin s9933 Robe de Soie Grande Taille Cocktail Knee-Long sans Manche Femme(Mephisto Mobils by Kenneth Chaussure pour Homme - Wide FIT Marron Noisette). Comparable to our results,love print Pochette pour femme personnalisable avec impression vinyle du nom ou initiales en similicuir rose stylisé blanc, mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'Asics Chaussures Gel-Lima Padel 2.
The culture of a group is an important factor that reveals behaviors and attitudes of human experience, as well as in disease processes. The habits, customs, spirituality and belief, expressed by the culture of a group,BTYKJ Sandales compensées en Daim à Boucles 42 Noir(Skechers Solar Fuse-Wrangler Retro Mid Rise Boot Cut Jean Femme). Therefore, cultural issues must be considered when we think of the dialogue established between professionals and those with families and patients.
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In this context, palliative care appears as a humanized form in end-of-life situations. Palliative care has the purpose of providing care that is untied to the healing notion, instead, they provide care to alleviate the suffering. Palliative care appears to counteract the technological and institutionalized practice,ONeal Oneal Pin It Shorts de vélo Gris 38-Fedso Beau bracelet en cuir avec cordon turquoise - Style décontracté En acier inoxydable Bracelet noir Montres. This type of care proposes a new social representation of death, which is made possible through innovative forms of relationship between professionals, patients and families, enabling new institutional practices and a participatory decision-Unknow Parc de sécurité Play Baby Fence Kids Activity Center avec Porte verrouillée Accueil intérieur extérieure (ARA Havanna 1227227).
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