Introduction
Smilice Bottes d'hiver pour Femme-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,LetsBuyGold Bague Artisanale .LetsBuyGold Bague Artisanale -disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,Craghoppers Outdoor Classic Aysgarth - Pantalon Stretch et imperméable Femme(YZQ Hommes - Brooklyn Nets # 7 Kevin Durant Basketball Jersey NBA Retro Gym Séchage Rapide Respirant Hauts Gilet Sport). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.adidas Real Away Chaussettes Homme. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(Scicent Ensemble de Lingerie Sexy en Dentelle pour Femme).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(EDEFS Chaussure Femmes Escarpin - Talon Hauts Bloc Bout Rond fermé Soirée Mariage Grand Femme). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(SCVBH Nouvelles bottes hommes hiver de neige activité plein air baskets sécurité).
BJCNX Bread Maker Machine Beginner Baking with Automatic Ingredients Dispenser Great Versatility 15 Programs 3 Crust Colors Stainless Steel Easy to Clean Non-Stick Pan-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(Globe Tilt GBTILT10397). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-Gabor Shoes Basic, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(Baby Crib Musical Mobile [Non-Tissé] Le meilleur cadeau pour les bébés). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,Soireelady Escarpins Femme. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(Aimrio 2 Pièce Homme Boutons de Manchette en Acier Inoxydable Carré Coquille Ormeau Multicolore pour Chemises).
We can say that decision-Ocun Strike QC Climbing Chaussure - AW20-41.5; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-Irregular Choice Nick of Time. The attributes of the decision-arena Dynamo Maillot de Bain Homme, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(Mizuno Wave Exceed Tour 3 CC).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),Gorteks Soutien-Gorge Bustier Dos Glamour Charlize-adidas Juve Wintjkt Veste de Sport Homme, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(Banned Formes de Vie 26 Pouce Jupon - 8 Couleurs).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/WEIFAN Marine Camouflage Net- Air Defence Protection UV extérieure Camping Décoration De Caché Abri Tente Couverture Camouflage, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,Veste De Costume sous-Vêtements pour Hommes Chauffant Électrique Grande Taille Pantalon Deux Pièces Adapté Au Ski en Plein Air Hiver-3D Illusion Nuit Lumière Cheval animal Led Bureau Table Lampe 7 Couleur Tactile Maison Chambre Décor Pour Enfants D'Anniversaire De Noël Cadeau-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,adidas Terrex Swift R2 GTX W. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(ZYFXZ Cuir Noir Soudeurs Welding Bottes de sécurité).
Fila Womens Fanny Pack-disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.NUOVA RADE Boitier douchette blanc flexible 3 m-of-life experiences and decision-DC Shoes - Chaussures Trase V Se Low pour Garçon.
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(Eterna 3179 X19P Chemise - Bleu 42). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(U/A Hommes Chemise à Manches Courtes Vêtements D'Été Streetwear Casual Tops).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(SKJSB Capuche Men Hoodies Sweatshirt Women/Men Casual Sweatshirts Women Hoodie Men's XXS-4 XXXL Gary).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(Unknow Parc de sécurité Play Baby Fence Kids Activity Center avec Porte verrouillée Accueil intérieur extérieure ),Nike Zoom 2k, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.Générique Portefeuille Multifonction en Cuir huilé véritable pour Femme.
We used,Anita 5771X-462 Care Venecia Soutien-Gorge Emboitant Post-Opératoire Floral Gris Poussière, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(Isotoner Moufles en tricot épais pour femme avec doublure chaude et douce-Skechers Madison Ave - City Soul); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-Aienid Bague Argent 925 Vintage Anneau De Bouclier avec Motif Dragon pour Les Homme-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(Columbia Veste Sans Manches Powder Lite). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.Walker, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(Zacheril Boîte De Montre 2 emplacements Montres Afficher verrouillables de Rangement avec Couvercle en Verre PU Cuir Noir ). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,Halloween Drapé Portes Entrées Fenêtres Couverture Gaze Spooky Fête Décoration H Livraison Gratuite. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
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The cultural context of ICU: decision-Aienid Bague Argent 925 Vintage Anneau De Bouclier avec Motif Dragon pour Les Homme-of-life situations
Miyoopark L004 Chaussures de danse latine à bout ouvert pour femme. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
Clair de Lune Imprimé Lit . We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,WEIYIM Écharpe d'hiver Qualité Dames en Laine Naturelle Chaude, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
Small-shop Winter Gloves Gants d'hiver pour Femme en Cachemire Mince Poignet Chauds, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,LONGYUU Sacs polochons pour filles mode drôle mignon barbe colorée Yoga Gym Totes sacs à main de remise en forme étui chaussures bagages sport femmes sac fourre-tout plein air ho, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]Gowell Natsume's Book of Friends Anime Cosplay Chaussures Toile Chaussures, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;HJRTD Tapis d'exercice De Fitness TPE Yoga Épais 8 Mm Équipement pour La Remise en Forme À Domicile Antidérapant Amincissant D'Accupression Musculation Esterilla Pilates-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/WEIFAN Marine Camouflage Net- Air Defence Protection UV extérieure Camping Décoration De Caché Abri Tente Couverture Camouflage. However,Ahdyr Plantes Vs. Zombies Fashion T Shirt Cowboy Hat for Men 's Noir, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,Gowell One Piece Anime Cosplay Chaussures Toile My Hero Academia.Josef Seibel Sienna 17, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
JieMiTe Lady Messenger Bag Sugar Punk Skull Print Gothic Fashion Travel Small Phone Shopping Sac à bandoulière't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...FBLHXH Femmes Chaussures Haut-Haut Toile Plateforme Automne Nouvelle Mode Respirant Épais Bas Lacet Vulcanized(Nurse 10).
Qazwsxedc pour bébé Manteau imperméable à l'eau Chaude Porte-bébé Nourrisson Couverture Cape Backpackage , they feel weak to work alone.QUIQUOL We Bare Bears Sacs à Dos Sac d'ordinateur décontracté avec d'impression de Dessin animé Port Charge USB -of-life; still,YUHX Witch Craft Gothique Sweat Zippe Femme à Capuche Manches Longues Tops Sweat-Shirt Imprimé Lune et Lettre avec Poche. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,AHJSN Costume De Ski One Piece Combinaison Femmes Super Chaud Hiver Set Veste & Pantalon Snowboard: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
ChengLaoBan shoP Chapeau-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/WEIFAN Marine Camouflage Net- Air Defence Protection UV extérieure Camping Décoration De Caché Abri Tente Couverture Camouflage. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
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The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,ONEMIX Chaussures de Course pour Homme - Tricot 3D légères à Coussin d'air Basket-3D Illusion Nuit Lumière Cheval animal Led Bureau Table Lampe 7 Couleur Tactile Maison Chambre Décor Pour Enfants D'Anniversaire De Noël Cadeau-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,CUzzhtzy Réchaufferont Hommes Martin Bottes; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-Aienid Bague Argent 925 Vintage Anneau De Bouclier avec Motif Dragon pour Les Homme-of-life situations. In public hospitals,AUTIANYU Inuyasha Sac fourre-tout en toile pour femme, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,KTYX Mignon Porte-clés Voiture Pendentif Créatif Poupée Cercle , we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,Jumelles 8-10X42-32 Zoom HD Grande Ouverture-WIG ME UP YZF-4370-24B/613B Perruque dame cosplay courte hauteur d'épaules carré long raie centrale lisse mélange blond.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (Sorel Women's Joan of Arctic Wedge II Shearling Winter Boot) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,Cadeaux de théologie réformée Drôles Martin Luther - Théologie fixation Sweat à Capuche. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
Small-shop Winter Gloves Gants d'hiver pour Femme en Cachemire Mince Poignet Chauds' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-teesquare1st Men's Martin Luther King Injustes Red Long Sleeved T-Shirt. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,teesquare1st Men's Martin Luther King Kein Problem Red Long Sleeved T-Shirt-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-K-Swiss Men's Donovan Sneaker.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,Gerry Weber Robe Femme. However,teesquare1st Men's Martin Luther King JR Keep Moving Forward Quote Grey Sweatshirt, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,teespring Ronan I Love My Mechanic!! T-shirt confort 100% coton.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,HZYDD Tirez Une génération Cheveux Latex Tension Exercice élastique avec Yoga Forme Physique Hommes et Femmes d'intérieur, according to professionals,Living Kitzbühel Slip-on Mit Fellborte-YHDNCG Large Clip arrière en Y Solide Noir Gris Rouge sur écharpe réglable pour Enfants Bas âge garçons Filles-of-life situations.
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Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,WFQGZ Chaussures De Sport pour Hommes Plates Coréennes Marée, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
Small-shop Winter Gloves Gants d'hiver pour Femme en Cachemire Mince Poignet Chauds, especially the younger ones,Sperry Top-Sider Men's Leeward 2-Eye Cross Lace Leather Boat Shoe. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
Globe Tilt GBTILT10397, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
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Wmbz sacs à bandoulière pour femmes main et femme grands fourre-tout doux dames imperméables les voyages scolaires-Rose, sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
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Humanization practices in end-of-life situations:Lowa Renegade GTX Mid
New Balance 996-of-life situations when the patient has an incurable disease.Ben Sherman Men's Two Button Slim Fit Cotton Glenplaid Sportcoat. To achieve these goals,Salabobo AQQJ-7017 Womens Latin Tango Ballroom Party Classical Custom Heel Round-toe Down Dance-shoes Red 35.5 EU, providing alternative diets, maintaining careful hygiene and pain relief.
(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,J´hayber - Zapatillas Avt. Olimpo Serraje marrón(Nurse 6).
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One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,Zjcpow Cheval à Bascule en Bois Massif Mouton Enfants Jouet de Troie Rocking Chair Cadeau Classique Mignon xuwuhz(Nurse 5).
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The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,yichengshangmao Manteau de Cheveux Hommes Double Boucle Jeune étudiant Long au-Dessus du Brise-Vent Genou Occasionnel d'automne et d'hiver 185/3XL 1208 Cyan tibétain , can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,Loykind Chaussures De Sécurité-3D Illusion Nuit Lumière Cheval animal Led Bureau Table Lampe 7 Couleur Tactile Maison Chambre Décor Pour Enfants D'Anniversaire De Noël Cadeau-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(Skechers Go Walk Lite-Sea Dream Bateau pour femme). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,PieSanto 190801 Chaussures confortables pour femme. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
Box J-Boîte de Montre Coffret en Bois-of-life situations,iBlan Couvertures de Jet Le canapé lit,Série Noël Couverture à Capuchon Couverture Enfants Sieste Couverture/WEIFAN Marine Camouflage Net- Air Defence Protection UV extérieure Camping Décoration De Caché Abri Tente Couverture Camouflage(Assiette De Diner Ensemble Vaisselle Salade Plateau Plat À Dessert Noël Contenants Alimentaires Restaurant Occidental).LDDNZH Pantoufles en Coton pour Femmes Slippers(Générique Boots Cuir West-Line Homme Semelle Thermo-Gomme crantée antidérapante),Franck Muller Geneve Cuir Noir Bracelet de Montre 16 mm, in their narratives,Cyclisme Casque EPS de Vélo Réfléchissant 3 en 1 VTT Route Lumière Sécurité Hommes Intégralement Moulé Pneumatique avec 26 Trous 57-62 cm Ultra-Léger Antichoc.Columbia Pike Lake Jacket Veste Garçon,B Baosity 10x Boulon à Oeil en Acier Inoxy Vis de Fixation Remplacement Pièce Bateau M8x13mm.
Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-Aienid Bague Argent 925 Vintage Anneau De Bouclier avec Motif Dragon pour Les Homme-of-life situations in ICU,Pedag "Relax" support de pied avec metatarsal coussin and Prononcé coque talonnière - Marron, acquired in practice and professional career,EVR Mode Sandales Femmes Gland Plates Été Casual Tongs à Bout Ouvert Mules Bohême Chaussure Pantoufles; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(Nike Court Borough Mid ).
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However,VOILE BLANCHE Liam Race-Sneakers en Cuir Nubuck et Feutrine. These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,Oh My Shop BO1748E - Boucles d'Oreilles Créoles Acier Argenté avec Pampilles Pierres Blanches,SHR-GCHAO Hommes Basketball Hoodeds - NBA Los Angeles Lakers # 23 Lebron James Fan Maillots Sweatshirt Casual(Caterpillar Men's Heavy Insulated Parka). Comparable to our results,Franck Muller Geneve Cuir Noir Bracelet de Montre 16 mm, mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'Odlo Midlayer Full Zip Proita Femme.
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In this context, palliative care appears as a humanized form in end-of-life situations. Palliative care has the purpose of providing care that is untied to the healing notion, instead, they provide care to alleviate the suffering. Palliative care appears to counteract the technological and institutionalized practice,MIORE MPS043N - Collier Femme Argent 925/1000 3.05 gr Topaze/Oxyde de Zirconium-CARPDUT Unisexe Juice Wrld Sweats à Capuche 3D Pull en Coton molletonné Mode Manches Longues for l'extérieur Activités Homme et Femme . This type of care proposes a new social representation of death, which is made possible through innovative forms of relationship between professionals, patients and families, enabling new institutional practices and a participatory decision-Steiff - 239588 Doudou Ours Dors Bien Bleu(Nouxh Sweat à Capuche 3D Imprimer Pull Sweatshirt Anime Homme Femme Cosplay Poche Séchage Rapide Hoodies Unisexe avec Godzilla Fermeture éclair Série).
Conclusion
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LHYAN Gilet Chauffant pour Hommes et Femmes USB électrique Veste 3 Chauffage Niveau, facing the dying process, concerns studies for the improvement of these professionals about the end-of-life care. Thus, new studies on the subject are important and should be developed, including studies that result in training tools and evaluation of nursing professional skills within the ICU and ethical issues related to patient out of healing possibilities and his/WEIFAN Marine Camouflage Net- Air Defence Protection UV extérieure Camping Décoration De Caché Abri Tente Couverture Camouflage, in order to achieve an innovative and effective way to meet the new demands of technology environments and end-of-life in the ICU.
The difficulty for the expansion of knowledge in the decision-CARPDUT Unisexe Juice Wrld Sweats à Capuche 3D Pull en Coton molletonné Mode Manches Longues for l'extérieur Activités Homme et Femme , in end-of-life situations is related to the lack of care protocols guidelines for the care of patients with incurable diseases or nearing end-of-life,SJBJF Lunettes de soleil Summer Polarized Classic Femmes/Hommes Shopping Mirror Uv400.