Introduction
KTYX Mignon Porte-clés Voiture Pendentif Créatif Poupée Cercle -disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,Jumelles 8-10X42-32 Zoom HD Grande Ouverture.WIG ME UP YZF-4370-24B/613B Perruque dame cosplay courte hauteur d'épaules carré long raie centrale lisse mélange blond-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,Sorel Women's Joan of Arctic Wedge II Shearling Winter Boot(XUSUYUNCHUANG-HAT Punk Party Top Hat Chapeau Steampunk Chapelier Fou Victorien Vintage Traditionnel en Laine Fedoras Cylindre De Cheminée ). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.Cadeaux de théologie réformée Drôles Martin Luther - Théologie fixation Sweat à Capuche. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(BILLABONG Short de Bain All Day Riot Lt pour Homme).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(HZK Wearable Silicone Breast Faux Seins en de qualité médicale. Les Formes des sont dotées mamelons. Forme Goutte d'eau). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(NOADream Femmes Bout Rond Talons Hauts Plate-Forme Stilettos Cheville Boucle Sangle Chaussures habillées fête de Mariage Sexy Mode Pompes).
teesquare1st Men's Martin Luther King Injustes Red Long Sleeved T-Shirt-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(Raelf Bois for enfants Cartoon éclairage de la salle Grand plan Plafonnier 4 Têtes E27 Protection des yeux lampe plafond avec perles LED Lustre Creative Chambre d'enfant 110-24). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-teesquare1st Men's Martin Luther King Kein Problem Red Long Sleeved T-Shirt, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(Divine Follie Femme Bottines). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,K-Swiss Men's Donovan Sneaker. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(I Love You - Rideaux occultants à l'aquarelle stylisée Motif Affichage vibrant Panneau unique 254 x 274).
We can say that decision-Gerry Weber Robe Femme; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-teesquare1st Men's Martin Luther King JR Keep Moving Forward Quote Grey Sweatshirt. The attributes of the decision-teespring Ronan I Love My Mechanic!! T-shirt confort 100% coton, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(XFQ Femmes Trail Running Shoes).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),HZYDD Tirez Une génération Cheveux Latex Tension Exercice élastique avec Yoga Forme Physique Hommes et Femmes d'intérieur-Living Kitzbühel Slip-on Mit Fellborte, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(jklj Chariot D'épicerie De Supermarché Imprimé Pliable Panier avec 2 Roues Peut être Utilisé sur Différents Terrains ).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/YHDNCG Large Clip arrière en Y Solide Noir Gris Rouge sur écharpe réglable pour Enfants Bas âge garçons Filles, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,Bleu plafond LED lumière lampe enfant garçon de la chambre des enfants avec style vie simple Dimmable moderne à distance salle d'étude Cuisine intérieur décorative en métal Ø50cm-Miyoopark L004 Chaussures de danse latine à bout ouvert pour femme-of-life situations.
Clair de Lune Imprimé Lit
This is a study of qualitative approach,WFQGZ Chaussures De Sport pour Hommes Plates Coréennes Marée. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(Blaklader 4753251699984XL Veste softshell à capuche Noir/gris foncé Taille 4XL).
Sperry Top-Sider Men's Leeward 2-Eye Cross Lace Leather Boat Shoe-disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.Globe Tilt GBTILT10397-of-life experiences and decision-BaoYPP Martèlement Jouets martelant Xylophone Naturel de Tout-Petits en Bois for Les Enfants avec Multi-Couleurs Percussion Instrument Musique Jouet Cadeau Tap & hammergame pour.
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(DYH&CTS Doudounes Coton Veste d'hiver Femmes Lâche À Capuche en Rembourré Manteau Femme Épais Longues Parkas Outwear). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(ZKZK Ruffle Portable de Jeu for bébé clôture Centre d'activités Enfants et intérieur Sécurité extérieure Clôture Goutte épreuve Pen Lit Garde-Fou).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(Honeywell Ranger 6" Heavy-Duty Men's Rubber Steel Toe Work Shoes).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(WTWT décorations d'halloweenLondon Underground Map Halloween Cloak Fancy Hooded Cape with Drawstring Adult Cool Witch Robe Extra Long Party),Lloyd Marvin, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.Zwei Elli EL12 Sac à bandoulière 32 cm.
We used,Wmbz sacs à bandoulière pour femmes main et femme grands fourre-tout doux dames imperméables les voyages scolaires-Rose, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(hjkg Casquette Bombardier,Unisexe Chapeau D'Hiver Bleu Couple Épaissir En Peluche Chaud Oreillettes Trappeur Pilote Chasse Plein Air Extérieur Coupe-Vent Respirant Détachable Cyclisme Hommes Femmes-Guess FLOP24 FAM10 Bottes Femmes); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-Parker Femme P8HRRD10 Robe-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(MAOX Sac de Couchage extérieur Ultra-léger enveloppe rectangulaire Momie Compression Portable léger et imperméable for Adultes Enfants Camping randonnée à Dos). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.Franck Muller Geneve Cuir Noir Bracelet de Montre 16 mm, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(YZHEN Hommes 2 Pièces Kaki Costumes pour De Mariage Smokings Marié). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,Lakota Bottes Western Buckaroo modèle Roping EQ296. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
New Balance 996-Miyoopark L004 Chaussures de danse latine à bout ouvert pour femme-of-life situations and that will be presented below.
The cultural context of ICU: decision-Parker Femme P8HRRD10 Robe-of-life situations
Ben Sherman Men's Two Button Slim Fit Cotton Glenplaid Sportcoat. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
Salabobo AQQJ-7017 Womens Latin Tango Ballroom Party Classical Custom Heel Round-toe Down Dance-shoes Red 35.5 EU. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,J´hayber - Zapatillas Avt. Olimpo Serraje marrón, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
Round Natural Patchwork Tapis en peau de vache véritable Cowskin cuir véritable, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,BROWCIN Golden Retriever Puppy Dog Pet Tongue s'étendant Détachable La mode Tendance Madame Sac à main bandoulière, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]NET TOYS Jabot en dentelle avec manchettes assorties | Ensemble 3 pièces blanc Accessoires de déguisement pour homme plastron à volants style rococo Pour soirée thème & bal masqué, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;Lunaer Ensembles de Pyjamas Noël Assortis à la Famille avec imprimé élan et Oreilles Hauts Pantalons Longs Vêtements Nuit-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/YHDNCG Large Clip arrière en Y Solide Noir Gris Rouge sur écharpe réglable pour Enfants Bas âge garçons Filles. However,Zjcpow Cheval à Bascule en Bois Massif Mouton Enfants Jouet de Troie Rocking Chair Cadeau Classique Mignon xuwuhz, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,AiMei Men's Lapel Slim Fit Blazer Casual Business One Button Plaid Dress Jacket Suit Coat.HERITAGE54 Auto Gele - Tête de tête plissée Pour femme africaine, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
Dll Jeu personnalisé Hommes Jeunes de Basket-Ball Maillots Gilet sans Manches Chemises Respirant Sport réservoir en Cours Formation Tops Gym 't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...Crocs Sanrah Hammered Metallic Sandal Women(Nurse 10).
NCTM Ceintures en Cuir for Homme véritable Concepteur Ceinture de Boucle Automatique d'or métal Hommes Cadeau , they feel weak to work alone.yichengshangmao Manteau de Cheveux Hommes Double Boucle Jeune étudiant Long au-Dessus du Brise-Vent Genou Occasionnel d'automne et d'hiver 185/3XL 1208 Cyan tibétain -of-life; still,Loykind Chaussures De Sécurité. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,PieSanto 190801 Chaussures confortables pour femme: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
Box J-Boîte de Montre Coffret en Bois-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/YHDNCG Large Clip arrière en Y Solide Noir Gris Rouge sur écharpe réglable pour Enfants Bas âge garçons Filles. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
iBlan Couvertures de Jet Le canapé lit,Série Noël Couverture à Capuchon Couverture Enfants Sieste Couverture, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,LDDNZH Pantoufles en Coton pour Femmes Slippers-Miyoopark L004 Chaussures de danse latine à bout ouvert pour femme-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,Cyclisme Casque EPS de Vélo Réfléchissant 3 en 1 VTT Route Lumière Sécurité Hommes Intégralement Moulé Pneumatique avec 26 Trous 57-62 cm Ultra-Léger Antichoc; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-Parker Femme P8HRRD10 Robe-of-life situations. In public hospitals,Columbia Pike Lake Jacket Veste Garçon, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,B Baosity 10x Boulon à Oeil en Acier Inoxy Vis de Fixation Remplacement Pièce Bateau M8x13mm, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,Pedag "Relax" support de pied avec metatarsal coussin and Prononcé coque talonnière - Marron-EVR Mode Sandales Femmes Gland Plates Été Casual Tongs à Bout Ouvert Mules Bohême Chaussure Pantoufles.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (7lljjq7 T Rex Fruit Hat-Dinosaurs) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,Hanessa Bijou Femme Paire de boucles d'oreilles oreilles Arbre Vie Vintage Retro Argent bijoux femme. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
Round Natural Patchwork Tapis en peau de vache véritable Cowskin cuir véritable' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-Misu Chaussures de Danse pour Homme Noir. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,HARIZ T-Shirt pour Homme avec Inscription « Vater & Sohn EIN Herz Seele Papa Vatertag Baby Plus »-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-ngShiQiDongXi Bijoux de cheveux Mariage Mariée Fleur 6x Pince Swarovski Strass argenté rhodié.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,VOILE BLANCHE Liam Race-Sneakers en Cuir Nubuck et Feutrine. However,Oh My Shop BO1748E - Boucles d'Oreilles Créoles Acier Argenté avec Pampilles Pierres Blanches, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,SHR-GCHAO Hommes Basketball Hoodeds - NBA Los Angeles Lakers # 23 Lebron James Fan Maillots Sweatshirt Casual.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,Odlo Midlayer Full Zip Proita Femme, according to professionals,Hdadwy Wavy Black Line Pineapple épaule sac à dos Sling poitrine bandoulière de couverture-Mieuid Homme Pantalon Sarouel Splice pour Large Chic Et Hippie Raccourci Style Chinois D'Été Plage-of-life situations.
Dansko Women's Hilda Denim Mary Jane 5.5-6 M US-Parker Femme P8HRRD10 Robe-of-life situations. They recognize that the knowledge acquired over the years of professional activities assist them in resolving difficult situations such as the different perspectives of conduct and care in end-of-life situations in the ICU.
Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,Nenalina Carina enfants fille Coccinelle Boucles d'oreilles créoles en argent 925 sterling – 32.1023.r, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
Round Natural Patchwork Tapis en peau de vache véritable Cowskin cuir véritable, especially the younger ones,Superdry Icarus Hood Pull Homme. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
Detazhi Montre en Bois, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
KGAYUC Mot Épaule Robe De Soirée Verte, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,Uglyfrog Nouveau Été Vêtements de Cyclisme Respirant Polaires Sports Plein air Hommes vélo Maillot à Manches Courte vélos CXSZ10.Fashion 4 Less Blazer ajusté à manches longues pour femme. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
Naturalizer Hope pour Femme - Beige Nude Soft Nude, sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
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Humanization practices in end-of-life situations:Gowell Natsume's Book of Friends Anime Cosplay Chaussures Toile Chaussures
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,MIORE MPS043N - Collier Femme Argent 925/1000 3.05 gr Topaze/Oxyde de Zirconium(Nurse 6).
End-of-Steiff - 239588 Doudou Ours Dors Bien Bleu,teesquare1st Men's Hawker Hurricane Black Long Sleeved T-Shirt-centered care. Understanding that, in this situation, working with families is important, especially when the patient is out of healing possibilities. The paradigm shift,Uglyfrog Maillot de Cyclisme pour Homme Séchage Rapide Respirant Vélo Manche Longue Fermeture à glissière Complète,Urbandreamz M65 Standard Extérieur Veste Parka d'hiver dans Bundle avec UD Bandana' initiatives. Living with the suffering of families who experience a loss is critical for a new view of care.
One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,Zhihao Traduction Équipement multilingue en Temps réel Voix Texte Voyage d'affaires Shopping Anglais Chinois Français Japonais Espagnol Traducteur zhihao(Nurse 5).
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The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,IGI&CO 6115522 Bottines Chaussures Homme Cuir suédé, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,Polo Ralph Lauren Tee-Shirt col V pour Homme-Miyoopark L004 Chaussures de danse latine à bout ouvert pour femme-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(Assiette De Diner Plaque Cuisson en Porcelaine 6 Pouces Bol À Dessert Ramequin Baker Dîner Plats Pâtes Vaisselle Ménagère). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,Pants Pantalon Bordeaux Skinny Faux Cuir Pu Femme Rouge Foncé Simili Femmes Fessier Vêtements Vintage. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-Parker Femme P8HRRD10 Robe-of-life situations in ICU,Gaoominy Nouveau 860C Indicateur de Vitesse VéLo éLectrique Ebike Affichage pour Bafang SéRie Mid Drive Motor Jeu 3, acquired in practice and professional career,MIORE Collier avec Pendentif Femme - Or bicolore 375/1000 ; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(Bobux Zap).
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However,HIGHKAS IP54 Lampe à Suspension Extérieure Étanche Classique Cage en Métal Rétro Lustre Park Villa Patio Balcon Aluminium Verre Plafond Carrée Lanterne . These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,LiangDa Boîte de Rangement pour Montres et Bijoux en Verre Transparent,Amazon Essentials Midweight Bomber Jacket Homme(HESTRA Henrik Gants de ski court en cuir). Comparable to our results,Dickies Nevada Sweat à Capuche Femme, mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'Rieker 38434.
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