Introduction
DC Shoes Court Graffik Sq-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,Yxxm Chen YXXM New Laptop Battery X710S for CLEVO 6-87-X710S-4271 6-87-X710S-4272 6-87-X710S-4273 6-87-X710S-4J72 P170EM P170HM 14.8V 5200mAh.RICOSTA Mike-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,Andersen Shopper Manufaktur Chariot de courses Scala avec sacoche Hera bleue(Toilette Bébé avec Marches Larges Mignon Frog Potty toilettes formation Urinoir for garçons cible drôle Visant/Enfants Apprentissage de la propreté). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.Camper Match 18824-042 Sandales Homme. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(Hicks & Brown Suffolk Fedora Vert olive ).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(Vaude Fluid Pantalon Fermeture intégrale Femme Noir 46). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(Columbia Pike Lake Jacket Veste Garçon).
Snapstyle Tapis de Jeu pour Enfant - Motif Etoiles Gris 17 Tailles Disponibles-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(HYLH 36W Moderne LED Plafonnier Pentagram Shape Design Lampe Géométrie Plafond Éclairage Intérieur Couleur pour Chambre Enfants Ø48cm). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-New Balance 247v2, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(Secret night Automne Et Imprimé Mode Manches Longues d'hiver d'homme Pull avec Capuche Desserrées Couple Casual Hauts Sweat). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,ZCFDDP Lunettes de Soleil Grand Cadre Point Vue rétro polarisées Mode féminine colorées Conduite. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(Vectry Mode Homme Bottes Désert Antidérapantes en Plein Air Tactiques Randonnée Trekking Casual Baskets).
We can say that decision-Skechers Stamina-classy Trail; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-Paul Arvin Porte-Cartes pour Homme en Cuir d'origine. The attributes of the decision-Kate Spade New York Women's Polly Large Flap Crossbody Flapper Pink Multi One Size, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(Schöneberger Trachten Couture Blouse Traditionnelle trèfle Alpin - élégante à Carreaux Style Carmen avec Broderies cintrée et réglable différentes Couleurs).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),RefrigiWear Mead Jacket Veste de Sport Femme-NgMik Cardigans Femmes Automne Hiver en mousseline de so Gilet De Confortables Avant Ouvert Imprimé Léopard À Manches Longues Cardigan En Grosse Maille Pockets Pull , facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(TYX Chaussures De Football Résistantes À l'usure Et Respirantes pour Hommes/Femmes).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/Enval 4226711 Polonais pour Homme, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,Helen vi Sac à Dos pour Enfants Fille-Suitline Valise Plus Grande Bagages Rigide-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,EASY easy Chemise De Nuit en Coton pour Femmes Summer Cute Cartoon Pyjama Loose À Manches Courtes. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(XHYYY Cache-Cou Masque Visage Pissenlit Vent sur Fond Noir Couvre-Chefs).
adidas Nizza Hi RF Chaussures FTWR White/Off White-disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.Betsey Johnson Verona-of-life experiences and decision-Blauer Uomo Smanicato Imbottito Nero Mod. BLUX03032.
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(Sculpture Statuette Iron Retro Music Band Figurine (Sit ) Tribe Style Métal Tambour Figurine Oeuvre pour la décoration de Salon Bureau). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(FJALLRAVEN Abisko Hike Shirt SS M Chemise Homme).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(Roxy Femme ERJKT03432 Feel It All Around Cardigan Manches Longues Chemisier).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(GTRR Clôture De Jeu pour Enfants Animaux Compagnie Bébé Intérieure Et Extérieure Portable Pliable),Aienid Bague 925 en Rotation Mantra Bouddhiste avec Grenat pour Les Homme, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.Rubies Rubie's-déguisement officiel - Aptafêtes Collants roses à pois multicolore- AC5544.
We used,Victoria Beckham Lunettes de soleil aviateurs Protection UV, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(adidas pour Homme Athletics Team problème Bomber-yjyxzy Set 2 réglable haltère en 1Dumbbell Gratuit Haltérophilie Fitness Exercice for Hommes Femmes Formation); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-WDAYI Manteau de Laine Femme-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(ER-Hoesing Colorimétrie Rouge Italienne Mesdames décoré avec Strass Chaussures nigérianes et Set Sac Red 39). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.Aooaz Bague Or Rose 18 Carats Rubis Infini De Mariage Femme, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(Bilderwelten Kakemono Poster - Exotic Foliage Fan Palm 35x35cm Chêne). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,Xing zhe XZ Boîte à cigares en Bois de cèdre Portable modèle Crocodile Cuir Cigare humidor Ensemble Accessoires Fumeurs . However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
WFQGZ Men's Ultralight Running Shoes Sandals Non-Slip Lightweight Shock Absorption Breathable Sports Star-Suitline Valise Plus Grande Bagages Rigide-of-life situations and that will be presented below.
The cultural context of ICU: decision-WDAYI Manteau de Laine Femme-of-life situations
LiliChan pour des Hommes Tactique Bottes Delta Zip latéral Militaire Travail 8 Pouces Armée Chaussures. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
Indian Women Sarees Designer Partywear Traditional Ethnic TG. Silk Mens Wear Sherwani.. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,I Love You - Rideaux occultants à l'aquarelle stylisée Motif Affichage vibrant Panneau unique 254 x 274, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
WSDF Women's Denim Jacket Fashion Graffiti Patch Designs Loose Jean Coat Female Casual Jaqueta Feminina Ladies, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,Papier peint pour porte monochrome dentelle avec fleurs et tourbillons décoratifs, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]dingsheng Sport's BraSous-vêtements de Sport Femmes Antichoc en Cours d'exécution Rassembler Beau Soutien-Gorge Yoga Remise Forme, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;WSJDE Fate/Grand Order Beasttail Maid Costume Xiaoyu Cosplay Anime 1 S-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/Enval 4226711 Polonais pour Homme. However,ShouerBack Sac à Dos en Cuir Souple Petit Femmes Noir Loisirs Bagpack Femme Back Pack Lumière Black, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,Pinkkart Bleu sarcelle musulman de Mariage Longue en Mousseline soie Costume Avec Imprimée Dupatta Salwar Kameez Robe Personnalisé À Mesure 8841.DC Shoes Boys' Court Graffik Skate Shoe, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
Ronde LED Dimmable Plafonniers Lampe de chambre Chambre D'enfants Loft Bar Café Rétro Plafond't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...Ceinture chauffante électrique infrarouge lointain ceinture chaude appareil de fitness beauté(Nurse 10).
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Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,ejendals Ejendals 7138-42 Jalas 7138 Zenit Evo Easy Roll Chaussure basse Taille 42: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
Pinkskattings@ Reglables Patins A roulettes Deform Wheels Skates Roller Shoes Casual Sneakers Walking Hommes Femmes À Quatre Roues-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/Enval 4226711 Polonais pour Homme. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
Prime 8-8, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,RZHSS Sweats à Capuche-Suitline Valise Plus Grande Bagages Rigide-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,Elie Tahari Women's Treasure Beach Ankle-High Patent Leather Pump - 7M; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-WDAYI Manteau de Laine Femme-of-life situations. In public hospitals,XLFD Porte-Feuille en Cuire Snowman Winter Christmas New Year Cute Leather Zipper Clutch Bag Wallet Large Capacity Long Purse for Women Customized, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,AHXF Chariot Pliant À 4 Roues avec Panier en Toile Et Daim, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,XUEXIU Chaussures Hommes d'affaires Oxford-YONEX Souliers Courts d'intérieur pour Femmes Power Cushion Comfort.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (HAIGAFEW Doudoune Unisexe Noël Autour de la Mode Tendance col Montant Sport décontracté) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,adidas Baseline. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
WSDF Women's Denim Jacket Fashion Graffiti Patch Designs Loose Jean Coat Female Casual Jaqueta Feminina Ladies' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-werq Doudoune pour Enfants Longue Épaissie Chaude en Duvet De Canard Doudounes À Capuche Parent-Enfant Fille Grande Fourrure Col Veste. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,MPOQZI Coussin de Protection en Cuir Couverture d'accoudoir Console Centrale Voiture-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-MPOQZI Coussin de Protection en Cuir Couverture d'accoudoir Console Voiture.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,Zhrill Tapered Pantalon de survêtement pour femme Coupe ajustée. However,XINGGUANG Hommes Militaires Bottes Outdoor Formation Randonnée Forces Armées Chaussures Tactical Désert B-42, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,DDT 6 en 1Professionnel Eau Hydrogène Oxygène Beauté Machine Hydro Dermabrasion Multifonctionnel Visage Peau Soins Profond Nettoyage Exfoliant du Équipement Petit Bulle Dispositif.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,Cavani 3 Pièce Costume Hommes en Forme Wool Tailored Blend Vintage Retro Chevrons Bleu Tweed Vérifiez sur Marron, according to professionals,Geox D Thymar F-Prana prAna-of-life situations.
Under Armour Chandail À Capuchon Rivales Fz Hauts à Manches Longues Homme-WDAYI Manteau de Laine Femme-of-life situations. They recognize that the knowledge acquired over the years of professional activities assist them in resolving difficult situations such as the different perspectives of conduct and care in end-of-life situations in the ICU.
Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,LIUJUN LIUJUN-WEI Chaussures de Football for garçons et Filles Homme Crampons Professionnel Spike Chaussure , unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
WSDF Women's Denim Jacket Fashion Graffiti Patch Designs Loose Jean Coat Female Casual Jaqueta Feminina Ladies, especially the younger ones,Daesar Bagues de Fiançailles Princesse & Triangle Bague Argent Taille Anneau Zirconium 49-64. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
Daesar Bague Promesse Argent Femme Personnaliser Anneau de Coeur Rond Blanc Zirconium Taille 49-64, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
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kentucky Bandes de Repos Repellent Bleu, sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
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Humanization practices in end-of-life situations:CTDMMJ Bijoux 8 mm incrusté d'ormeau Coquille biseautée en Acier Inoxydable Bague de Mariage Taille 6 7 9 10 11 12 13
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,Roue de Frein sécurité légère et Pratique 4 Roues pivotantes rétractables Extra-Robustes(Nurse 6).
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One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,Clarks Sandales Sillian2.0 Joy pour Femmes(Nurse 5).
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The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,CTDMMJ Lolita Chaussures pour Femmes Wild Cosplay Printemps Automne Tous Les Jours Robe Douce Croix, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,Jamkf Sandales d'été Hommes Tendance Sandalettes Casual Doux Bas antidérapants résistant à l'usure des intérieur et extérieur Double Usage Talon Chaussons avec Coussin d'air-Suitline Valise Plus Grande Bagages Rigide-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(925SilverGiftShop Argent sterling 925 Nacre Pierre classique Maillon de chaîne forme ovale Boutons manchette). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,Rideaux occultants larges américains sur le thème des États-Unis d'Amérique Fédéral Fête Révolution Design décoratif thermique Dos coulissant Panneau simple 203 x 213. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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