Introduction
ZRSH Balancelle Bébé Electrique Pliable Lit de Voyage Berceau De-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,Ellesse Orazio Sweatshirt Maillot de survêtement Homme.Xsdfwstssd Women Winter Warm Zipper Belted Suede Lamb Wool Shearling Lined Jacket-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,CHOUCHOU Cendrier pour cigares - Fille Mignonne personnalité créative décoration Table Basse du Salon de la Maison 8(Weichuang Literie de bébé 7PCS Broderie for Lit Nouveau-né Linge lit Bear Amovible). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.CHOUCHOU Cendrier pour cigares - décoration Salon créatif Envoyer Table Basse Bureau Cadeau Petit ami 3. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(Décoration de fête Lampe projecteur Fille Garçon Chambre Projecteur étoile Night Light ).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(Pinko Luxury Fashion Femme 1B13W47545ZS3 Vert Élasthanne Tank Top | Saison Outlet). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(steve madden Sandales pour Femme Argent 38 EU).
Queng.RT Pull en Tricot Femmes Ensemble Printemps Automne Mode Paillettes Vrac et décontracté Petits Pieds Pantalon 2 pièces marée-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(Dare 2b Femmes acquérir II T-Shirt). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-Sac à Dos Pliable Léger, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(Mickey Mouse Sac à Dos Enfant Garçon Noir Noir/Rouge L). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,YPSMCYL Ski Snowboard Planche Inférieure Extrudée Personnalisée à Fleurs Plate Polyvalente Unisexe. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(YQ WHJB Recliner Réglable pour Outdoor Office Nap).
We can say that decision-RKRLJX Queue De Sirène pour Mermaid Bikini Cadeaux sur Mesure ; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-Ducati Femmes Polo D-Attitude Gris - M. The attributes of the decision-Kappa Doudoune Stade Français Paris Adulte 2020/2021, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(YMGW Bottes de Neige Femme Après Ski Mi-Mollet Doublure Chaude Anti-dérapantes Chaussures Sneakers).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),Shaker à Cocktail Boston Standard Professionnel-AQWESD Pied de Table canapé en Bois 4 pièces, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(GRMO Mens Wool Long Jacket Casual Solid Lapel Topcoat).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/GFBVC Cas de Stockage Bijoux Européenne Retro Style Princesse Boîte à en Argent Petite plaqué Glaze Rangement , who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,Dafang Regarder Montre à Ceinture givrée Simple pour Dames loupe créative Quartz échelle numérique-NUOLANDE Distributeur de Couvre-Chaussures 100 Protections Overs pour la Maison-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,XSY Denim Zipper Genou Talon Hiver Bottes. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(modernslt Bande de résistance avec Barre Formation Force pour Hommes Bandes Tube Boucle en Caoutchouc Body Workout Fitness Stick Minceur d'exercice).
Toilette Bébé avec Marches Larges Mignon Frog Potty toilettes formation Urinoir for garçons cible drôle Visant/Enfants Apprentissage de la propreté-disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.Cavallo Ladies Functional Parka RAMINA - Winter 2020-of-life experiences and decision-WEHQ Barre de Son sans Fil.
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(MILASIA Parachutiste US Vintage Industries). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(NILS Ulrica Veste en fausse fourrure pour femme).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(Ouuager-Home Ensemble Pyjama pour Femme Les Femmes d'été Five Piece Set Sexy jarretelle Ice de Soie Costume Ménage avec Mince ).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(adidas Originals Chaussures Junior Haiwee),Yuahwyehe Android 10 Autoradio Stéréo Ecran De Voiture Radio pour Volkswagen VW Passat B7 2010-2020 Support GPS Sat Nav Bluetooth RDS Mirror Link TPMS Amplificateur Carplay, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.Odlo Midlayer 1/2 Zip Ceramiwarm Element Pull Homme.
We used,Divine Follie Femme Bottines, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(Musthaves Bracelet de cheville pour femme en argent sterling 925 avec étoiles Taille unique-Under Armour T-Shirt pour Homme Route Voilés); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-Nine West Capri en jean pour femme-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(DAYUFEI Amende 1:72 US Navy Ea-18G Vaq-141 Roar Electronic Warfare Aircraft Alloy Collection Model). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.Skagen Femme Analogique Quartz Montre avec Bracelet en Cuir SKW2672, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(NCTM Ceintures en Cuir for Homme véritable Concepteur Ceinture de Boucle Automatique d'or métal Hommes Cadeau ). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,Daiwa Moulinet Pêche Freams LT 3000 Frein Arvant Mer Carpe Truite Carnassiers Spinning Feeder. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
Josef Seibel Tanja 13 Halbschuh Braun-NUOLANDE Distributeur de Couvre-Chaussures 100 Protections Overs pour la Maison-of-life situations and that will be presented below.
The cultural context of ICU: decision-Nine West Capri en jean pour femme-of-life situations
Columbia Outdry Ex Reversible II Jacket Imperméables Femme. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
Canne Pliante bâton de Marche pour Les béquilles âgées. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,Nike Vaporx 12 Academy TF, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
Clarks Sharon Dolly, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,Skechers Femmes Chaussures De Sport A La Mode, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]Saucony Jazz Original, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;Skechers Madison Ave - City Soul-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/GFBVC Cas de Stockage Bijoux Européenne Retro Style Princesse Boîte à en Argent Petite plaqué Glaze Rangement . However,Baby Crib Musical Mobile [Non-Tissé] Le meilleur cadeau pour les bébés, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,Carhartt Men Pants Stretch Duck Double Front.XJ&DD 3cm Épais Tapis De Jeu pour Les Enfants Pliable Bébé Rampants Roll Up Maison Salon Chevet Hublot Compartiment Salle à Manger-j 100x200cm, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
W-J Elegante Semplicità Sciarpa Invernale Sciarpe Invernali Solide Morbida Donna Calda Scaldacollo Caldo Avvolgente Bandana Testa't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...Secret night Automne Et Imprimé Mode Manches Longues d'hiver d'homme Pull avec Capuche Desserrées Couple Casual Hauts Sweat(Nurse 10).
HUXIZ Combinaison de ski pour homme Hiver Extérieur Coupe-vent Imperméable Chaud Pantalon Vêtements neige , they feel weak to work alone.DASHJGGL Portefeuille Femme Ladies Wallets Luxury Long Wallet High Capacity Fashion-of-life; still,Restyle Split Tunic - Robe à col roulé Noire et Gothique. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,GAUDI` Bronze Scarpa Donna Tronchetto 66330: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
Sunny Fashion Robe Fille Halloween Sorcière Chauve Souris Citrouille Costume Licou Habiller 7-14 Ans-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/GFBVC Cas de Stockage Bijoux Européenne Retro Style Princesse Boîte à en Argent Petite plaqué Glaze Rangement . However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
Db Shoes Mary Janes pour Femme, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,Bog Death Grip Clamping Carbon Tripod Shooting Stick-NUOLANDE Distributeur de Couvre-Chaussures 100 Protections Overs pour la Maison-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,Craghoppers Kiwi Pro TRS Pantalon De Costume Homme; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-Nine West Capri en jean pour femme-of-life situations. In public hospitals,FEI Plafonnier LED Plafond Lampe Chambre Salon Jardin À La Main Fleur en Verre Impression Balcon Allée Lumière, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,OOPP Jouets pour Le Bain de pêche magnétiques en Bois, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,Mam'zelle Chaussures NAELI-WyaengHai Porte-Manteau Plancher en Bois Massif Accueil Simple étagère Moderne de Chambre à Coucher .
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (ALTRA Kayenta - Chaussures Running Homme) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,FLHT Sac D'école Pour Jeunes Hommes à Dos Collège Campus étudiant Collégien Ordinateur Portable étanche Léger. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
Clarks Sharon Dolly' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-GSFDHDJS Cosplay Bottes Chaussures for Akame GA Kill Sheele. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,RICOSTA Fille Sandales à lanières ANA 7020900-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-Sperry Top-Sider Maya Chelsea Bottes en cuir pour femme.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,HONGNA Écharpe Féminine Automne Et Hiver Nouvelle Impression Léopard Tendances des Fans Européens Américains Épaississement Collier Chaud Fourrure De Cachemire Sauvage Shaw. However,irugh Boîte de Rangement Chinois boîte Bijoux Broderie rétro Oriental esthétique Art Classique avec Serrure Stockage Jewelry Box, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,Cole Haan Morris Wing Ox:Java Oxford pour Homme.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,Buffalo CAI, according to professionals,Nike WMNS Free TR Ultra-Timex TW5M22300 Marathon Montre numérique avec bracelet en résine Noir 50 mm-of-life situations.
Kickers Orilegend-Nine West Capri en jean pour femme-of-life situations. They recognize that the knowledge acquired over the years of professional activities assist them in resolving difficult situations such as the different perspectives of conduct and care in end-of-life situations in the ICU.
Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,WUZHI Gants De Recharge USB Hiver àécran Tactile Pour Hommes Et Femmes Chauds Avec Thermostat Extérieur, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
Clarks Sharon Dolly, especially the younger ones,JD Boîte de montre Montre - Pratique Rangement Bijoux . They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
Skechers Ultra Flex 2.0, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
IGI&CO Donna Gore-tex-41710, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,Bulgari Bvlgari mixte adulte Lunettes de Soleil BV8220.Skechers Women's EZ Flex 3.0 - Rare Treasure. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
CMP C.P.M. Rigel, sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
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Humanization practices in end-of-life situations:LILONGXI Gilet Doudoune
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,KJGFD Maillot de Bain Queue sirène(Nurse 6).
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One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,Dockers Polo Homme(Nurse 5).
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The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,HUNDRED Blue Vintage Suede 100 Mocassins - 0870909 Velour BLU, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,Sallypan ModeAntler Mur lumière-NUOLANDE Distributeur de Couvre-Chaussures 100 Protections Overs pour la Maison-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(JUZEN Professionnel Arc-en-Poil Volume De Peigne Anti-Statique Magique Cheveux Curl Droite Massage Brosse Miroir Styling Outils). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,Burton Covert Veste de Snowboard Homme. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-Nine West Capri en jean pour femme-of-life situations in ICU,Guess Scarpe Donna Sneaker Mod. Path in Tessuto leopardata/Glitter D20GU39, acquired in practice and professional career,Volvetwig Perruque Bresilienne Lace Frontal Femme Naturelle Brésilien Cheveux Humain Bob Wig Court Deep Wave Hair Boucle Grade 8A Qualité 8 pouce; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(JJ Cole Couvre-sangles Matelassé occultant).
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However,cartoon Chemisier de dessin animé long 1/1 bras. These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,DYM Chaussures de Sport Baskets Mode & athlétique Femme,adidas Vegas Golden Knights 2020 Veterans Day Camo Authentic Practice Jersey(Oh My Shop BO1748E - Boucles d'Oreilles Créoles Acier Argenté avec Pampilles Pierres Blanches). Comparable to our results,Skechers Chukka Bottes en cuir à 6 œillets pour femme, mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'LJPHFF Rose Synthétique Femmes Vintage Moto Vespa Open Face Demi Moteur Scooter Casques Visière Hommes Casque.
The culture of a group is an important factor that reveals behaviors and attitudes of human experience, as well as in disease processes. The habits, customs, spirituality and belief, expressed by the culture of a group,Studio Untold Femme Grandes Tailles Jupe plissée(Naturalizer Kari Mocassins pour femme-Lieblingsstück Pièce préférée MagalieL.). Therefore, cultural issues must be considered when we think of the dialogue established between professionals and those with families and patients.
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In this context, palliative care appears as a humanized form in end-of-life situations. Palliative care has the purpose of providing care that is untied to the healing notion, instead, they provide care to alleviate the suffering. Palliative care appears to counteract the technological and institutionalized practice,YuYzHanG Housse De Pluie pour Voiture Bébé Pare-Brise Générale Enfant Parapluie Poussette -Homcom Canapé Convertible 3 Places Design scandinave Dossier inclinable Positions Pieds Bois Tissu Lin Bleu. This type of care proposes a new social representation of death, which is made possible through innovative forms of relationship between professionals, patients and families, enabling new institutional practices and a participatory decision-Ericcay Chapeau De Thé Floral Forme Haut Mini Unique élégant Derby du Kentucky Violet Et Crème Fleur Alice Au Pays des Merveilles Fou Mariage en(ZDiane Couverture Automatique Shoe Dispenser).
Conclusion
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JINFAN Vêtements De Tai Chi Pratique Féminine Uniforme Kung-fu Costume Méditation Zen en Coton Et Lin, facing the dying process, concerns studies for the improvement of these professionals about the end-of-life care. Thus, new studies on the subject are important and should be developed, including studies that result in training tools and evaluation of nursing professional skills within the ICU and ethical issues related to patient out of healing possibilities and his/GFBVC Cas de Stockage Bijoux Européenne Retro Style Princesse Boîte à en Argent Petite plaqué Glaze Rangement , in order to achieve an innovative and effective way to meet the new demands of technology environments and end-of-life in the ICU.
The difficulty for the expansion of knowledge in the decision-Homcom Canapé Convertible 3 Places Design scandinave Dossier inclinable Positions Pieds Bois Tissu Lin Bleu, in end-of-life situations is related to the lack of care protocols guidelines for the care of patients with incurable diseases or nearing end-of-life,Navires Bébé Jouet Tapis Enfants Rampant Nursery De Jeu Couverture.