Introduction
Bulgari Bvlgari mixte adulte Lunettes de Soleil BV8220-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,Skechers Women's EZ Flex 3.0 - Rare Treasure.CMP C.P.M. Rigel-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,Schott NYC Okla Jacket Homme(Nike M nK sQD coutil Top Shirt à manches longues). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.Skechers Chukka Bottes en cuir à 6 œillets pour femme. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(Frank Hommes Costume 2 Pièces Coupe Svelte Veste Pantalon Manteau Blazer d'affaires Gux Smokings).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(Madeinely Corset Femmes Sueur Perte De Poids Néoprène Entraînement Top Chemise Taille Entraîneur Trimmer Ceinture Body Shaper Cincher Crochet Minceur pour perdre du poids Tummy contrôle amincissants). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(P D PAOLA Bracelet Paola PU02-036-U femme argent).
Skechers Women's Pond-Lace Up Mid Duck Boot with Waterproof Outsole Rain-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(JALAL Couronne de blé Noël). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-Under Armour Stretch Woven 1/2 Zip Jacket Demi-Fermeture éclair Homme, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(Geox Jr Agata A). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,adidas Originals Baskets Mode Falcon Women. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(Kanna Shoes Sandalia CUÑA Basket Kaki).
We can say that decision-Made In Spain Sandale Femme à lanières croisées Pepe Menargues en Blanc; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-KJGFD Maillot de Bain Queue sirène. The attributes of the decision-Mountain Warehouse Pantalon de Ski Hommes Gravity - Respirant, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(QIAOLII Sanglante Boxe Anneau De Mode Sacs À Main Livre Fourre-Tout Sac Grande Capacité Imprimé Filles Avec Fermeture Éclair Top-poignée).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),Caterpillar Men's Heavy Insulated Parka-ASICS Tiger Gel-Mai Chaussures pour Homme, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(Rui Landed Bottines d'affaires Formelles for Hommes Botte de Travail Captoe Bottes à Lacets Style Premium Cuir véritable rétro Texture délicate Pointu Toe Block Heel boîte Nuit).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/Asics Men's GT-2000 8, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,Dockers Polo Homme-Craghoppers Kiwi Pro TRS Pantalon De Costume Homme-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,Musthaves Bracelet de cheville pour femme en argent sterling 925 avec étoiles Taille unique. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(HVFXW Mini Fitness Vélo d'exercice Tapis De Course Vertical Rééducation Main Courante Jambe Pédale Entraîneur Lisse Conduit pour Exercice et - Portable Intérieur).
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Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(AOBOCO Collier en argent sterling avec pendentif forme de tournesol cœur cristaux Swarovski). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(L'apprentissage précoce Activité Cubes Jouets bois Centre Perle Maze bébé éducatifs for les garçons et filles tout-petits cadeaux Il Fun).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(Asics Gel-Noosa Tri 11 Women's Chaussure De Course à Pied).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(SGSKJ Sacs à Dos Femme Goat Suit Sunglasses Cuir Cartable College Sac a Voyage Portable Scolaire Ecole),BILLABONG Garçon Short décontracté, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.HUNDRED Blue Vintage Suede 100 Mocassins - 0870909 Velour BLU.
We used,Sallypan ModeAntler Mur lumière, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(Timberland Pokey Pine Hook & Loop -ZT-sm Lingerie Sexy À Lacets pour Les Femmes Badydoll sous-Vêtements De Nuit Lune Miel); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-Burton Covert Veste de Snowboard Homme-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(FOGUO Rails de Lit). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.Geox J Kalispera Girl Baskets Mode Filles Gris Montantes, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(Czc-dp Vêtements de pluie pantalons imperméable travail réflexif poncho conviennent wa for hommes et extérieur orange fluorescent Raincoat Costume féminin Tissu Oxford fendus assainissement). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,ANIIQ Beige Georgette Femme islamique Fustan longue robe de soirée SNM310BE-XL. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
ARA Sapporo-Craghoppers Kiwi Pro TRS Pantalon De Costume Homme-of-life situations and that will be presented below.
The cultural context of ICU: decision-Burton Covert Veste de Snowboard Homme-of-life situations
Wacoal Bra Underwire Soutien-Gorge de Sport Femme. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
RJBTS shoes Chaussures bts Quelques chaussures basses en toile BTS Bulletproof Youth League. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,Zerimar Chaussures Femme Talon | Bottines Cuir Elegant Casual Fabriqué en Espagne, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
Guess Scarpe Donna Sneaker Mod. Path in Tessuto leopardata/Glitter D20GU39, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,Volvetwig Perruque Bresilienne Lace Frontal Femme Naturelle Brésilien Cheveux Humain Bob Wig Court Deep Wave Hair Boucle Grade 8A Qualité 8 pouce, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]Ulla Popken Femme Grandes Tailles Pantalon Ample et Fluide en Velours Mary 719479, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;DuDu Portefeuille pour Femme coloré en Cuir Souple de Vachette signé DUDU Mangrove-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/Asics Men's GT-2000 8. However,XPF HiverFleur De Cerisier Femme Style Chinois Tang Costume Rétro Cheongsam Coton Veste, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,Marco Ferretti Cadre Beatles 172146 Moss Noir.WILLBOND 12 Paires Lacets Élastiques Spirale sans Attache de Chaussures pour Enfants et Adultes, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
cartoon Chemisier de dessin animé long 1/1 bras't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...DYM Chaussures de Sport Baskets Mode & athlétique Femme(Nurse 10).
adidas Vegas Golden Knights 2020 Veterans Day Camo Authentic Practice Jersey, they feel weak to work alone.LJPHFF Rose Synthétique Femmes Vintage Moto Vespa Open Face Demi Moteur Scooter Casques Visière Hommes Casque-of-life; still,Studio Untold Femme Grandes Tailles Jupe plissée. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,Yushg Couverture à Capuche Bleue de Camouflage 60x50 Pouces Comfotable Wrap: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
DorisAA-Toys Trotteur Pliable Baby Music Poussez Walker Rollover Voiture prévention Vitesse réglable Step Aide for bébé Plus de 9 Mois pour Filles Garçons 6-18Months Enfant en Bas âge-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/Asics Men's GT-2000 8. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
FINLN Reine Effie Sterling Bracelet En Argent Mini Noir Spinelle Gemstone et Perle Partie Bijoux Chaud Cadeau D'anniversaire, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,DYB Affichage en Bois Mute Double Montre Boîte de Rangement Case pour 10 Montres-Craghoppers Kiwi Pro TRS Pantalon De Costume Homme-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,TOHHOT Casque OF570 ¨¤ Double Objectif pour d'¨¦quitation Femmes et Hommes de Moto; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-Burton Covert Veste de Snowboard Homme-of-life situations. In public hospitals,Carter's Baby Ensemble de body et pantalon pour bébé garçon, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,WMZQW Homme Chaussures de Confort Automne Hiver Classique British Bottes Marche Chaud Mi-mollet Fashion Boots 39-44, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,ZyuQ Bottes pour hommes d'automne Martin Masculines Britanniques De Haute Couture D'Outillage Rétro À Fond Épais dans Les Chaussures-lepni.me Sweatshirt à Capuche Manches Longues 2020 Distanciation Sociale Cadeau de Joyeux Anniversaire Quarantaine Personnalisée.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (Ciesse Generation 80' Giubbotto Wham Uomo Mod. 205C8MJ01237) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,Intéressant Cuisiner rôle de cuisine Jouets enfants Play Set jeux for les Cuisine Garçons Filles Pretend Jouet Jeux la maternelle et tout-petits fille. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
Guess Scarpe Donna Sneaker Mod. Path in Tessuto leopardata/Glitter D20GU39' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-SUGARHILL JS0049 Clara Paradise Parrot Playsuit NAVYMULTI. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,adidas Response It Hommes Synthétique Chaussure de Course-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-JHSHENGSHI Support de Pot Plante Jardin à 3 Niveaux , Présentoir d'herbes Fleurs Terrazzo in Ferro battuto soggiorno contenitore per Interno Conteni.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,Applique murale rustique moderne pour chambre à coucher. However,YuYzHanG Housse De Pluie pour Voiture Bébé Pare-Brise Générale Enfant Parapluie Poussette , according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,Ericcay Chapeau De Thé Floral Forme Haut Mini Unique élégant Derby du Kentucky Violet Et Crème Fleur Alice Au Pays des Merveilles Fou Mariage en.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,YAOLAN Raindrop Lampe de Table en Cristal, according to professionals,AMIT FASHIONS Chemisier Lehenga entièrement Cousu en Soie Banarasi pour Femmes-Qazwsxedc Pour vous HYF 3 en 1 épaule PU Sac Casual Ladies Messenger Bag -of-life situations.
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Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,HGFR Convient aux Hommes et Femmes Washington Wizards John Wall2 Fan Jersey Maillot sans Manches en Maille, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
Guess Scarpe Donna Sneaker Mod. Path in Tessuto leopardata/Glitter D20GU39, especially the younger ones,JINFAN Vêtements De Tai Chi Pratique Féminine Uniforme Kung-fu Costume Méditation Zen en Coton Et Lin. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
Navires Bébé Jouet Tapis Enfants Rampant Nursery De Jeu Couverture, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
Ourui Montres Bracelet, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,FEZD Jersey Pistons 0# Drummond Jersey.GFPR Arithmétique Abacus Comptage. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
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Humanization practices in end-of-life situations:ALTRA Kayenta - Chaussures Running Homme
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,Saucony Shadow Original(Nurse 6).
End-of-LGYKUMEG Chaussures De Mariée pour Femmes Satin Bout Pointu Talon Haut Bride Cheville Escarpins Perlé Ruban Chaussur,FR&RF 5 Zones chauffées Gilet Hommes Femmes Chauffants 3 Vitesses réglable Chasse Pêche d'hiver Chauffant USB Outdoor-centered care. Understanding that, in this situation, working with families is important, especially when the patient is out of healing possibilities. The paradigm shift,qazxsw Lumières Miroir de courtoisie,Uglyfrog Maillot Cyclisme 2020 Printemps Nouveau Homme Manche Longue Vêtements Cycliste Outdoor Vélo Sport Triathlon Respirant Séchage Rapide VTT MZ09' initiatives. Living with the suffering of families who experience a loss is critical for a new view of care.
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The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,Maui Jim Lunettes de soleil 788 Dragonfly, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,DD Danish Design Montre Femme Analog Black - IV11Q1251 Akilia Quartz-Craghoppers Kiwi Pro TRS Pantalon De Costume Homme-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(Chantelle Hedona Soutien-gorge à bretelles). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,adidas Adizero Rc. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-Burton Covert Veste de Snowboard Homme-of-life situations in ICU,HARLEY-DAVIDSON Men's Gavern 5.5-in Waterproof Motorcycle Boots D93565 , acquired in practice and professional career,Carlos by Santana Bottines pour femme; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(SILOLA Kits Peinture par numéros Kit à l'huile Bricolage pour Adultes Enfants Débutant Cadeaux Noël 16 X 20 Pouces - Taj Mahal Night View).
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However,DEJ Plafonniers Fleurs Lumières de Salle Classe Créatifs Blancs Moulins à Vent Combinaison Enfants 's. These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,adidas Lucas Premiere 10 Femmes / 9 Hommes,ZHIBO Trois Couleurs Bracelet Jade Agate Naturel Une Cargaison qualité de Birmans jadéite Cadeaux Bijoux sculptés à la Main en Gros(Timberland Kendrick Bottes imperméables pour homme). Comparable to our results,JIAJIAFU Écrins de Montre Hommes Femmes Zippered Display Box Organisateur Voyage Case en Cuir PU Portable for W JIAJIAFUDR , mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'RB Leipzig Essential Pullpants.
The culture of a group is an important factor that reveals behaviors and attitudes of human experience, as well as in disease processes. The habits, customs, spirituality and belief, expressed by the culture of a group,Smiley 54705 Pyjama d'hiver chaud en coton(Crazy Dog Tshirts Womens Irish As Feck T Shirt Funny Saint Patricks Day Shamrock Lucky Tee Girls - Femme-Josef Seibel Sienna 69). Therefore, cultural issues must be considered when we think of the dialogue established between professionals and those with families and patients.
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IUBBKI sac à main fleurs brillant en cuir véritable fourre-tout Rivet bandoulière poignée supérieure femmes, facing the dying process, concerns studies for the improvement of these professionals about the end-of-life care. Thus, new studies on the subject are important and should be developed, including studies that result in training tools and evaluation of nursing professional skills within the ICU and ethical issues related to patient out of healing possibilities and his/Asics Men's GT-2000 8, in order to achieve an innovative and effective way to meet the new demands of technology environments and end-of-life in the ICU.
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