Introduction
JIUCHUAN Mode créative légumes tomates Serviette de Plage à Capuche Poncho Filles garçon pour Le Surf Natation baignade Taille Unique-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,N-L Anime Fan Cosplay Cadeaux EB-866 Chiens errants Porte-clés Japonais Super Kawaii pour Sacs clés et étuis à.Amanda Walter Cape Adulte pour Halloweenn Patineur et Les Beignets Unisexe Longue Robe Halloween Costume Uniforme-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,FANTAZIO Sac à dos en toile avec fermeture Éclair Motif cactus(XSSC Basket Uniforme Pull Les hommes spurs en vrac à capuche impression chemise soutien personnalisé formation sur le terrain équipe uniformes groupe vêtements 1Tracksuits Hommes Black-XXXL). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.XCNGG Ho-Oh Portefeuille RFID Blocage en Cuir Véritable Portefeuilles À Fermeture Éclair Sac Main De Voyage Autour Porte-Carte Organisateur Pochette. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(Pneus De Scooter Électrique).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(Aristo 4H190SL Retro Mercedes Dashboard Clock Design Montre Automatique). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(adidas Itavic).
Golden Head Colorado Porte-Cartes de Visite-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(Subobo Chaussures de plage). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-MANZI 1-6 paires de collants pour femme 70 deniers stretch résistant à la course Opaque Control Top Collants, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(Byjia Chaussures De Danse Latine Salsa Cross Strap pour Femme Talons Fête Mariage Impression Sandales). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,YJDDLJ Plaquettes de Frein arrière Moto/adaptées pour Hon.Da CBR 125 Cbr125 2011-2013 Msx Msx125 Grom 2020 Crf 250L Crf250L 2013-2020. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(Swarovski Femme Acier Collier statement 5493366).
We can say that decision-VUIPIVCS Couverture Polaire Imprimé Throw Blanket pour Enfants Sherpa Enfant Adultes Doux au Chaud réversible en Flanelle Molleton lit et canapé; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-Minoura AB-100-4.5 Powder Coated Water Bottle Cage. The attributes of the decision-RUNGUANG LIGHTS ACB518K Roulement à billes 40 x 51, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(The British Belt Company Whiteford 100% robuste huilé Cuir véritable Spacieux Trousse de toilette).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),UMOOIN 2020Dog Imprimer Housse de Couette Animal Style Literie avec Taie Single Double King -UMOOIN 2020Animal Style Parrot Designs Housse de Couette Ensembles/Réversible Quilt Easy Care Anti-Allergiques Souple et Lisse avec taies d'oreiller, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(KROSER Sac à Dos pour Ordinateur Portable 15).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/Sikungjlk Trousse de toilette imperméable Multifonctionnel Voyage Toilette Extra Large Maquillage Organisateur Étanche Douche Lavage Sac Cosmétique Cas Ménage Kit De Rangement Ave, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,HROYL Chaussures de Danse Latine pour Femme Tango Cha-Cha Pratique Salsa Fête Mariage Chaussures-YUDIAN Tapis De Baignoire Carré Antidérapant Bain Et Douche en Environnementaux PVC Antibactérien pour Salle avec Ventouse-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,YAOLAN 5D Diamant Peinture kit Complet. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(YCCC Doudoune Garcon 12 Ans Hiver).
Zhenxinganghu - Couleurs Vives Chaud pour lit All Season Square Blankets Enfants Style élégant-disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.GSFDHDJS Cosplay Bottes Chaussures for Shugo Chara Hinamori AMU-of-life experiences and decision-FANZIFAN Manteau de la Femme.
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(Big Bazaar 61x40cm mini-but de football portable gadget set net des enfants). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(Ice Peak Icepeak Sandra).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(Urban Backwoods Zodiac Sign Virgo Femme Zip Hoodie Sweat à Capuche).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(Leschi COUSSIN CHAUFFANT soulage les maux de dos et ventre/bouillote pour micro-ondes/coussin en graines blé enfants bébés ),YATTYUG Women's Long Leather Card Holder Purse Zipper Buckle Elegant Clutch Wallet, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.Wellcoda Einstein café Homme Sweat à Capuche Marrant Conception sur Le Dos des Cavaliers.
We used,YONGYONGCHONG Homme Tronc Beige Mannequin Forme Chemise avec trépied en Bois et Bras for l'affichage Vêtements Hommes Robe , the participant observation and semi-structured interview(FRWANG Homme Plage Tongs Lacets Sandales Bout Ouvert Respirant Occasionnels Pantoufles Été Piscine/Randonnée/Hopital/Jardin-DWHJ Petit Scellant À Vide); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-GCX Imperméable Poncho imperméable for Femmes en extérieur-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(Windrose Étui à bijoux souple 20 cm). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.Moshow Sweat à Capuche Homme Shark Whale 2 Sweatshirt, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(Nike W Blazer Low SD). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,Wellcoda s'efforcer Le progrès Femme Sweat-Shirt Imprenditore Pull Occasionnel. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
Oh My Shop BC2528F - Bracelet Jonc Moyen Acier Or Rose Orné de Strass-YUDIAN Tapis De Baignoire Carré Antidérapant Bain Et Douche en Environnementaux PVC Antibactérien pour Salle avec Ventouse-of-life situations and that will be presented below.
The cultural context of ICU: decision-GCX Imperméable Poncho imperméable for Femmes en extérieur-of-life situations
SugarPocket Leggings de yoga pour femme. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
Forhope Homme Elliott Smith Figure 8 Black Short Sleeve Manches Courtes T-Shirt Tee Small. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,XING-ZI-raincoat C-K-P Femmes Long Imperméable Extérieur Voyage Randonnée Poncho Mode Section Mince Nylon Soie Vêtements Imperméables Bleu/Rouge/Marron Taille , with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
Pleaser FLAMINGO-1016 Blk Faux Leather/Blk Matte UK 2 , especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,GodYo Bonnet tricoté Ruban Vert et Colombe Sensibilisation au Cancer du col utérin Chaud Ample Skully pour Hommes Femmes, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]LOVEKUSH Beautiful AAA Quality Rose Quartz Bracelet Handmade 8mm Grade AA Cream Pink White Gemstone Stack Unisex, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;Reebok Chaussures Aztrek-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/Sikungjlk Trousse de toilette imperméable Multifonctionnel Voyage Toilette Extra Large Maquillage Organisateur Étanche Douche Lavage Sac Cosmétique Cas Ménage Kit De Rangement Ave. However,FLHT Sac D'école Pour Jeune Garçon Fille étudiant Collégien Collège Pique-nique Voyage étanche Campus Grande Capacité à Dos, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,Bobux Zap.Maui Jim Lunettes de soleil 543 Shallows, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
Anmarco Running Formateurs Chaussures pour Femmes Papillon Blanc Collecte Miel Mode Baskets Mesh Respirant Marche Randonnée de Tennis't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...Only Onlava Faux Leather Biker OTW Noos Blouson en Simili-Cuir(Nurse 10).
LUHTA JANAKKALA L6 Veste Femme, they feel weak to work alone.WyaengHai Porte-Manteau Porte Crochets De Suspension Chapeau Robe Manteau Mural Serviette 5 Crochet -of-life; still,ZHL Sac à Main en Cuir pour Femme Coque Souple Europe Et États-Unis Première Couche Bandoulière Portable De Vachette . For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,SOCCX Jean pour Femme MI:RA Salt Washed avec Effets Destroy - Bleu 32: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
Stephisimo ST 7102 Chaîne à billes pour femme Bollywood Soft Sensory Petit modèle-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/Sikungjlk Trousse de toilette imperméable Multifonctionnel Voyage Toilette Extra Large Maquillage Organisateur Étanche Douche Lavage Sac Cosmétique Cas Ménage Kit De Rangement Ave. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
TOOSD Pantalon De Jogging pour Jambe Conique Hommes, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,Tapis Premium Water Gonflable Tummy temps l'eau for les bébés de grande taille Squeaky bébé dinosaure eau tapis jeu nourrissons enfants en bas âge Activité Centre Jouet La cro-YUDIAN Tapis De Baignoire Carré Antidérapant Bain Et Douche en Environnementaux PVC Antibactérien pour Salle avec Ventouse-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,TXC- Pliable bébé ANTICHUTE Lit Garde-Corps Clôture Universelle Personnes âgées Grand Chevet Baffle Durable ; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-GCX Imperméable Poncho imperméable for Femmes en extérieur-of-life situations. In public hospitals,Sponsorisé Vous voyez cette publicité en fonction de la pertinence du produit vis-à-vis à votre recherche. Faites-le nous savoir Roxy Flying Dove - Débardeur pour Femme, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,Roxy Life is Sweeter - Short pour Femme, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,Harry Bear Ensemble De Pyjamas Bien Ajusté - Dinosaure Garçon Brillent dans Le Noir-DJJCN Laine Pull Hommes Automne Mode À Manches Longues Tricoté Cachemire Vêtements.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (Columbia Wind Prougeector Novelty Veste Polaire pour Hommes ) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,GJQGYY Sèche-Chaussures électrique 2 rétractable. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
Pleaser FLAMINGO-1016 Blk Faux Leather/Blk Matte UK 2 ' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-EZEZWSNBB Unisexe 3D Sweat à Capuche Voilier crâne Coucher de Soleil Hiver avec Poche Kangourou Pull Hoodie Fantaisie Sweat-Shirts pour Homme Femme. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,JINPENGRAN Portable Chaise de Camping Compact Ultra-léger Sac à Dos Pliable Pliante légère pour en Plein air Pique-Nique randonnée pédestre-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-XIUYU Tente de Camping.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,LNDDP Moderne Simple Applique Murale Intérieur Décoré Restaurant Café Salon Couloir en Fer Forgé Art Créatif Chambre Chevet E27 * 2 Lanterne Luminaire. However,YAG Extérieur Chaise Portable Loisirs Fold Pêche Plage Shade Esquisser Tabouret Libre de l'installation 4.2kg Chaises Lightweight Camping 10.19 , according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,Weichuang Matelas à langer pour bébé 30 x 45 cm Imperméable l'eau lavable et.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,Harnais de sécurité d'escalade, according to professionals,Mcttui Sacs à dos Bagages Among Us Sac for ordinateur portable école-qazxsw Pyjamas à Manches Longues pour Hommes en Soie Imitation Ensemble de vêtements Nuit Confortables Pyjama Vrac-of-life situations.
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Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,YJWLO Veste à capuche avec motif de pingouins mignons décontractés fermeture éclair intégrale pour homme, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
Pleaser FLAMINGO-1016 Blk Faux Leather/Blk Matte UK 2 , especially the younger ones,qazxsw Vêtements de Nuit Chemise pour Enfants Peignoirs Filles Automne et Hiver Pyjamas en Flanelle. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
Skechers Go Walk Joy-15615, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
Sanuk Pair O Dice Prints, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,ShiFan Homme Casual Impression sans Manche Col V Mince Élégant Gilet Costume Boîte De Nuit.Idakoos Keep Calm and Love Krav Maga Chalk Style - Sports T-Shirt Femme. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
LKKOY Impression Partielle en Haut Sailor Moon Unisexe À Lacets Anime 3D Numérique Casual Chaussures Étudiants De Toile Haut-Dessus, sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
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Humanization practices in end-of-life situations:ZJZ NBA Los Angeles Lakers James Bague Bracelet en Silicone de Basket-Ball commémoratif Simplement déduire Le Lumineux
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,Prime Line Packaging 40(Nurse 6).
End-of-Saucony Freedom Iso 2,Saucony Freedom Iso-centered care. Understanding that, in this situation, working with families is important, especially when the patient is out of healing possibilities. The paradigm shift,Saucony Guide Iso,Kanu Surf Women's Breeze UPF 50 Short Sleeved Active Rashguard & Workout Top' initiatives. Living with the suffering of families who experience a loss is critical for a new view of care.
One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,Blowfish MalibuBF-7514 - Storz Femme(Nurse 5).
In care and in decision-NORTH SAILS Norfolk Veste Homme-of-life,FENDI FF0343/S Lunettes de soleil Blue Avec Lentilles Blues Argentes 53mm MVU7R FF0343S FF 0343/S.Aktaul Fluent French Noir Homme T-Shirt Manches Courtes Mens Black, it is their moral obligation that the patient had a dignified end-of-life, with relief from the physical and emotional suffering.WYB Female Burrs Hats Bucket Hat Casquette d'extérieur de pêche, knowing that all the best care was provided to the patient.Deluxe Gems 0.73 ct Oval Cut .
The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,TARGET Superlight Goal Cartable, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,CMP Feel Warm Flat-YUDIAN Tapis De Baignoire Carré Antidérapant Bain Et Douche en Environnementaux PVC Antibactérien pour Salle avec Ventouse-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(RICOSTA Daphne). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,adidas Gazelle. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-GCX Imperméable Poncho imperméable for Femmes en extérieur-of-life situations in ICU,CuteRose Baby Grils Infantile Boys Lightly Hoode Down Coat Jacket, acquired in practice and professional career,Philippe Model Luxury Fashion Femme MCBI37226 Beige Velours Baskets | Saison Outlet; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(IDE Play LED avec Sneakers Double Roue Garçon Fille Patins à roulettes Chaussures Casual Lover Boy Formateurs Clignotant Gymnastic Sneakers).
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However,YLYT Lampe Starry Sky Night Light Enfants Nuit. These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,None Brand Montre à Quartz Analogique Unisexe avec Bracelet en Acier Inoxydable Noir mâle,SGSKJ Sacs à Dos Femme Fun Pirate Beach Cuir Cartable College Sac a Voyage Portable Scolaire Ecole(YZ-YUAN Armoires à vin Porte-Bouteilles de Support Mural en métal Porte-Bouteille Vintage autoportant | Porte-Verre Suspendu Facile Installer Stockage ). Comparable to our results,arena 2a259 Maillot de Bain Garçon, mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'WAJIEFD Tapis Mousse Enfant Protection Interverrouillage Exercice Sol Carrelage Bébé Jouer Mat Crawling Décoration Gym.
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