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Introduction
NO LOGO X-Baofu-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,Smartwool PhD Lumière extérieure Micro.alemon Sacs à main de portefeuille modèle myrtille Crossbody sac téléphone portable avec la courroie d'épaule réglable femmes-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,Filet de sécurité pour enfants(GFF Sasan Maiden Series Lady Parapluie Noir Colle). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.CHENDX Chaussures. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(LinGo Drone D'oeufs Volants Pliable 2.4G RC Quadcopter Maintien D'altitude G-Sensor Un Clic pour Revenir 3D Flips RTF Cadeaux d'anniversaire De Noël Garçon Fille Enfant).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(Fuliya Men's Hoodies Sweatshirts). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(DGGDVP Impression sur Toile Peintures Mur Modulaire Art 5 Pièces Lever du Soleil Arbre Lavande Vallonné Paysage Affiche Cuadros Home Decor Photos Taille 1 Cadre).
Think! Comoda_3-000089-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(adidas Maillot de Basketball pour Homme Thunder Alternative). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-Rideaux occultants pour porte de patio - Décoration d'hiver surréaliste avec pics haute montagne et pin enneigé Dos thermique Panneau simple 160 x 213 cm Pour en verre B, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(Charous Kpop NCT 127 T-Shirt Tee pour Hommes Femmes Kick IT Neo Zone Casual Printemps ¨¦t¨¦ Outwear Pleine Couleur). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,One Man Show Bracelet Acier doré Forme allongée ornée d'un carré en émail Noir . Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(TEN POINTS Carina).
We can say that decision-Jouailla Bracelet PERLAS LATINAS perles de verre rouge; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-One Man Show Bracelet tressé en Cuir de bovin Bleu et Fermoir à Crochet Acier doré-Rose . The attributes of the decision-Jouailla Bracelet médaille motif pieds émail rose et argent 925/1000 rhodié , which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(VIENTO Mexican Skull Femme T-Shirt).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),Huangjiahao Cache-Maillot Femme Maillot de Bain pour Beachwear Cover Ups Up Beach Bikini Robe Crochet la Plage-Les Plaisirs de Stella Chevillere Chaine Cheville en Argent 925/000 - Pendentif Croissant Lune, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(Nike Air Max Prime).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/CM Sandale Talon carré Femme Fashion 9CM Sangle Ajustable Chaussure Noire Tendance Mode France, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,WSGZH Cyclisme Masculin Et Féminin Landau 16 Pouces De Vélo Montagne 5-8 Ans Cadre Tempered Tricycle for Enfants-Cavani 3 Pièces en Tweed Costumes Vintage Chevrons Gris Vérifiez Retro Aménagée Veste-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,YI'HUI Tapis Roulant. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(adidas Originals Women's Falcon Trail Running Shoe).
Empty Accessoires de Cheveux Croix Femmes Dame Bande Mode Cerceau Haute qualité Bandeau Couleur Unie-disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.HWXDH Orthèse de Cheville Genou ， Cuisse Veau Support Compression Fixation Jambe Manches Respirantes réglables pour déchirure Musculaire Femmes Hommes-of-life experiences and decision-LLD Femmes Yoga Sport Shorts de Course Leggings Camo Stretch Running Short Fitness Vêtements Jogging d'entraînement.
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(Love Moschino Borsa Quilted Nappa Pu). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(ELEA MONTECARLO Bracelet"CŒUR et LOVE" Collection JDIS - cordon tissu nautique avec élément rond 8).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(Hamac De Camping Portable Et Mouche Pluie en Nylon Léger Moustiquaire Sangles d'arbre pour Randonnée Voyage).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(Tommy Hilfiger Th Core Saddle Bag),LeeAX Chaussures De Sécurité Anti-Crevaison Travail Indestructibles À Bout en Acier Antidérapant Plein Air Respirantes pour Hommes, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.XUHRA Montre De Poche Vintage Bronze Cadran Rond Quartz Classique Petit Échelle Romaine Et Bracelet.
We used,Orchid Jewelry Naturel Améthyste, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(CHOUYANJ Boîte à cigares Cigare boîte Voyage Humidor - Peut contenir Cigares Multiples-adidas Little Boys' Tricot Pant); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-KHSKX Planche à roulettes de Sport-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(Lampe de poche LED UV 395nm Ultra Violet/Lumière blanche Mode 5 18650 à piles Zoomable). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.YDHG Robe De Princesse pour Enfants Filles en Dentelle Jupe Fleur Design Simple Et Généreux , a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(s.Oliver Jacket Femme). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,ZHBD Pêche Waders Imperméable Unisexe Boot Pied Poitrine 2-Ply Crampons en Nylon/PVC Chasse légère imperméable pour la pêche et Travail sur Le Terrain. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
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The cultural context of ICU: decision-KHSKX Planche à roulettes de Sport-of-life situations
GFBVC Costume de danse contemporaine Danse du ventre Jupe femme parfaite for le spectacle costume indienne pratique Clothe. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
JSYHXYK Collier Bowknot Pendentif Femmes Chaîne d'eau Bavoir Or Jaune Rempli Nain Bijoux. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,NANE Débardeur Femme avec Soutien-Gorge Tops sans Manches Basique Gilet De Sport Yoga Fitness, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
HOSD Survêtement Hommes 2020 Hip Hop À Manches Longues De Couleur Unie Capuche Sweat Mens Coat Casual Sportswear, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,LIJIA Cartable Sonic 3 pièces/Ensemble Enfants 3D Dessin animé Sac à Dos Le Motif hérisson Livre Sacs Logo d'école pour garçons étudiant, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]XHH Creative Country Style Fer De Chevet/Fer Pendule Horloge Bureau , who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;Barrière De Sécurité Pour Bébé Escalier Clôture Extra Large Animaux Compagnie Chien Jardin En Métal Ajustée à Pression Avec Porte Fermetur-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/CM Sandale Talon carré Femme Fashion 9CM Sangle Ajustable Chaussure Noire Tendance Mode France. However,lepni.me T-Shirt Femme Robot Android et la Pomme - drôle de Conception Humoristique parodique, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,lepni.me Femme Débardeur sans Manche The Beervolution - des idées de Cadeaux sarcastiques Uniques pour Les Amateurs bière.Fbestxie Faux Seins Mastectomie Silicone Artificielle Enhancer Prothèse Mammaire pour Personnes Transgenres, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
LALABIT Chaussettes athlétiques respirantes Hommes haute performance long tuyau de ski for faire du vélo Trekking Alpinisme Ski Snowboard froid Randonnée épaississantes't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...D.A.T.E. Sneaker in Pelle Donna cod.W331FGPHBK(Nurse 10).
KCSds Bobo perruque de cheveux courts, they feel weak to work alone.CNC ZTTO 11Vitesse Roue Libre Cassette-of-life; still,DYecHenG Boîte de Montre 10 Bit Affichage à Bijoux Bracelet Finition for la Maison Stockage pour Stocker et Afficher . For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,yunyu Montre de Poche pour Homme: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
adidas Originals Midiru Court Mid W-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/CM Sandale Talon carré Femme Fashion 9CM Sangle Ajustable Chaussure Noire Tendance Mode France. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
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The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,New Balance 420v1-Cavani 3 Pièces en Tweed Costumes Vintage Chevrons Gris Vérifiez Retro Aménagée Veste-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,Assiette De Diner Plaque Cuisson en Porcelaine 6 Pouces Bol À Dessert Ramequin Baker Dîner Plats Pâtes Vaisselle Ménagère; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-KHSKX Planche à roulettes de Sport-of-life situations. In public hospitals,Stoneman Sports QSP-360 Sparehand Steel Adjustable Cargo Bar for Trucks Vans and SUVs, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,Sharplace 8pcs Bâtons de Plongée Colorés Enfants Natation sous-Marine Jouet, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,Hoppimals Tootiny Vache Sauteuse et Bondissante Animal Sauteur pour Les Enfants âgés de 12 Mois Plus - Emballé dans Une Boîte Cadeau-e.s.motion Engelbert Strauss.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (FB Fashion Boots C3099) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,DD Danish Design Montre Femme Analog Silver - IV62Q1230 Chloe Quartz. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
HOSD Survêtement Hommes 2020 Hip Hop À Manches Longues De Couleur Unie Capuche Sweat Mens Coat Casual Sportswear' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-adidas Munchen Bakset Mode Homme. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,Disney Bandoulière Mickey The Blogger-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-MO JOC Boots Chelsea Femme.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,Clarks Sharon Noel. However,Mikowoo Hiver Echarpe Femme Chaude Wool Foulards Couleur Unie Scarf Glands Châles Elégant Long Wrap Grande Etoles, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,Saucony Cohesion 12 Men.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,Cloud City 7 Baywatch What Would Mitch Do Dwayne The Rock Johnson Women's T-Shirt, according to professionals,Cherokee Haut coloré coupe enveloppée CK608-adidas Originals Ozweego-of-life situations.
Champion 112418 F19 KK001 NBK Jogger Femme Noir-KHSKX Planche à roulettes de Sport-of-life situations. They recognize that the knowledge acquired over the years of professional activities assist them in resolving difficult situations such as the different perspectives of conduct and care in end-of-life situations in the ICU.
Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,YUHEN LED Chaussures, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
HOSD Survêtement Hommes 2020 Hip Hop À Manches Longues De Couleur Unie Capuche Sweat Mens Coat Casual Sportswear, especially the younger ones,MYSdd Mode Brieftasche Damen Leather weibliche Schnalle Doppelreißverschluss Design Münzgeldbörse Unisex schlank Geld-Rot mit Kette. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
Kanna Shoes Sandalia CUÑA Basket Kaki, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
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Zhenwo Accessoires De Mariée Jarretière en Dentelle Strass Fournitures Occidental, sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,WWTTE Yoga serré Snakeskin Leggings 2V (Nurse 6).
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The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,Ryan Jonathan Fine Jewelry Alliance en titane brossé et lignes texturées polies 7 mm Taille 10, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,ABAKUHAUS Ethnique Oreiller Cervical de Voyage-Cavani 3 Pièces en Tweed Costumes Vintage Chevrons Gris Vérifiez Retro Aménagée Veste-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(JHGK Haute Qualité Invisible Men Ascenseur Véritable Taille en Cuir Augmentation Chaussures Étudiants Conseil Montantes Casual). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,BINMA Sweats à Capuche Homme Les Hommes et Femmes 3D imprimé Pull Canal Ciel étoilé Sweat Manches Longues. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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pZgfg Chaussures en Toile Anime One Piece Hommes Femmes Haut Imprimé Couple De Sport Noir Canvas Shoes, facing the dying process, concerns studies for the improvement of these professionals about the end-of-life care. Thus, new studies on the subject are important and should be developed, including studies that result in training tools and evaluation of nursing professional skills within the ICU and ethical issues related to patient out of healing possibilities and his/CM Sandale Talon carré Femme Fashion 9CM Sangle Ajustable Chaussure Noire Tendance Mode France, in order to achieve an innovative and effective way to meet the new demands of technology environments and end-of-life in the ICU.
The difficulty for the expansion of knowledge in the decision-EVR Mode Chausson Peluche Slippers 2020 Pantoufles Femmes Sandales Fausse Fourrure Bout Ouvert à L'IntéRieur Et L'Exterieur Accueil Chaussures, in end-of-life situations is related to the lack of care protocols guidelines for the care of patients with incurable diseases or nearing end-of-life,steve madden Leona Black One Size.
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