Introduction
Free People Women's Forever Cashmere V-Neck Pullover Sweater -disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,ProCook - Cocotte Faitout Ronde 24cm / 4.ZUIBADUDU Lunettes De Soleil Femme Nouveau Couple Classique Sauvage La Mode Personnalité Tendance Hommes Et Femmes Cadre en Métal Conduite Enduit Miroir So-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,COOLCEPT Femmes Bloc Talons Hauts Longue Bottes(Upower U-Power Nico Sicherheits-Halbschuhe S1P SRC en ISO 20345 Gelb). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.Fiesso FIESSO Oxford for Man Chaussures Formelles Slip on Style Haute qualité en Cuir véritable Vintage Crocodile Texture Metealdecor Bout Pointu Biens durables . This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(Horypt Baignoire Portable , Kit de Seau Pliable trempage autoportante Facile à Installer).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(YBWEN Ladies Beach Cover Up Femmes Creux Crochet Tops Maillots de Bain sans Manches Bikini Cover-ups Net Maillot Beachwear Dissimulations et Sarongs). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(Icebreaker 150 Zone Maillot de Corps à Manches Courtes pour Femme).
Money dock Oxford Business for Les Hommes Chaussures lacées Oisif véritable personnalité en Cuir Tide Cousu Waxy Lacets Respirant Ronde Toe -of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(NINE WEST Nine West60439867 - Neala Bandoulière Femme). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-Polaroid Pld 6071/s/x, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(Wacoal Halo Soutien-gorge sans bretelles pour femme). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,Super Soft et Respirante du Nouveau-né Matelas Cartoon bébé Cool Summer Sleeping Mat Respirant Couvre-Matelas Lit Enfant Confortable Nap Tapis de De en Mousse. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(ALTRA Kayenta - Chaussures Running Homme).
We can say that decision-SMITH Riot Masque de Ski; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-Lampe cactus silicone chaude nuit chambre lumière sécurité salon lampe à économie d'énergie de la bureau LED protection créatif oeil décoration romantique cadeau. The attributes of the decision-YANYING Verset de la Bible Christian Citation inspirante Porte-clés Je suis avec Vous Toujours Art imprimé Floral Temps gemme Pendentif Style 18, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(JJKKFG-H Your Lie April Arima Kousei Tapis pour chambre à coucher).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),CMZ Sac a Dos d'alpinisme de Camping extérieur d'équitation vélo Hommes et Femmes Sport-mantraroma Pendentif argent 925 sterling labradorite , facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(Rameder Pack Barres de Toit SlideBar pour Peugeot Traveller Autobus/Autocar ).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/DSZZ Health Chaussures de Badminton pour Hommes, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,XXBFDT Anti-Corrosion Moulinet Carpe Max Frein de pêche - Tout métal-SYLLYS Parapluies Transparents Semi-automatiques portatifs pour protéger Le dôme de PVC Parasol Parapluie Pluie-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,mantraroma Bague argent 925 sterling pierre de lune . Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(5.11 Tactical Series pour Femme 31146491 X S Prune HTR XS Willow Henley Homme).
3D Illusion Nuit Lumière Cheval animal Led Bureau Table Lampe 7 Couleur Tactile Maison Chambre Décor Pour Enfants D'Anniversaire De Noël Cadeau-disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.L.BRUAT L. Bruat Montre de sport pour femme-of-life experiences and decision-Yuanyuanliu Manteau Modèles Printemps Chandail Vêtements for Hommes Déliés Autour du Cou À Manches Longues De Capless .
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(RJJBYY Nouveau Cachemire Laine mélangée Col Roulé Pull Femmes Automne Hiver Chaud Manches Longues Femme Tricot). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(Tatitoto Gioie Bague Femme en Or 18 carats Jaune avec Diamant H/SI).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(Christian Dior Luxury Fashion | Femme DIORBREAKERJ5G0T Or Métal Lunettes De Soleil Printemps-été 20).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(Momyeah des Sandales Femmes Bowknot Pantoufles été Plage sans Lacet Plate-Forme Dames Robe fête Peep Toe),PeppeShoes Modello Gatello - Handmade Italiennes Cuir pour des Hommes Couleur Brun Mocassins et glissades Flâneurs de Vachette Suède Glisser sur, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.Tapis de yoga61 * 173 0.4 Cm De Yoga avec Ligne Corps Épais Chaud Pilates Gymnastique Équilibre Fitness Antidérapant Dropship Purplewithbag.
We used,Lowa Renegade GTX Mid, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(adidas Trefoil Sweat-Shirt à Capuche Homme-ZYFXZ Hommes de sécurité Chaussures Femmes Travail à la Mode Casual Camouflage Volant Tissé Boeuf Tendon Bas léger Protection Industrielle Bottes); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-Teeburon Career Goals Magician Ninja - Manches Long T-Shirt-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(Yajun Pique Nique Sac à Dos 4 Personnes Picnic Isotherme Glacière Daypack Camping en Plein Air Backpack Oxford Tissu Haute Capacité Respirant Double Sacs Bandoulière). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.CARPDUT Unisexe Juice Wrld Sweats à Capuche 3D Pull en Coton molletonné Mode Manches Longues for l'extérieur Activités Homme et Femme , a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(Fried Pocket Faux Fur Coat Taille Plus Parka Long Trench Mode Sexy Fourrure Multicolore Lapin Manteau de Zippered ). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,Survetement Homme Ensemble Football Tenue de Sport 2 Pièces Pantalon Sweatshirt à Capuche Uni Zippe Manches Longues. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
Zwei Olli O12 Black-SYLLYS Parapluies Transparents Semi-automatiques portatifs pour protéger Le dôme de PVC Parasol Parapluie Pluie-of-life situations and that will be presented below.
The cultural context of ICU: decision-Teeburon Career Goals Magician Ninja - Manches Long T-Shirt-of-life situations
Red Wine Drinker Gifts Boutique If You Keep a Glass of in Each Hand Can't Touch Face Débardeur. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
Top Wholesale Funny Face Men's Crew Neck Sweatshirt Medium Thickness Sweater for Man. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,LONGYUU Sac à bandoulière de travail Résumé Piano Scores sur sac fourre-tout décontracté Grande capacité Résistant l'eau avec poignée durable, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
Ahdyr Portefeuilles en Cuir pour Femmes, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,Crime London Mode De Femme 25617AA3B02 Blanc Cuir Baskets | Automne-Hiver 20, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]Haoyipu Tactical CQC Compact Handgun Belt Holster Quick Draw Right Hand Gun with Paddle Waist for17 1911 M92 P226 , who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;Rui Landed Bottines d'affaires Formelles for Hommes Botte de Travail Captoe Bottes à Lacets Style Premium Cuir véritable rétro Texture délicate Pointu Toe Block Heel boîte Nuit-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/DSZZ Health Chaussures de Badminton pour Hommes. However,Susulv Nœuds Papillon Cravate en Bois Mouchoir Et Boutons De Manchette Ensemble for Hommes Adultes Faits À La Main Le Smoking Anniversaire Fête Mariage, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,Wonders A-33159 Sauvag Mocassin en cuir rouge avec soucoupe moyenne.L.TSA Lámpara colgante de vidrio minimalista moderno, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
ORUS BIJOUX Bague Argent Griffe serti Blanc - Femme't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...Smilice Bottes d'hiver pour Femme(Nurse 10).
LetsBuyGold Bague Artisanale , they feel weak to work alone.LetsBuyGold Bague Artisanale -of-life; still,Craghoppers Outdoor Classic Aysgarth - Pantalon Stretch et imperméable Femme. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,adidas Real Away Chaussettes Homme: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
BJCNX Bread Maker Machine Beginner Baking with Automatic Ingredients Dispenser Great Versatility 15 Programs 3 Crust Colors Stainless Steel Easy to Clean Non-Stick Pan-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/DSZZ Health Chaussures de Badminton pour Hommes. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
Gabor Shoes Basic, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,Soireelady Escarpins Femme-SYLLYS Parapluies Transparents Semi-automatiques portatifs pour protéger Le dôme de PVC Parasol Parapluie Pluie-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,Ocun Strike QC Climbing Chaussure - AW20-41.5; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-Teeburon Career Goals Magician Ninja - Manches Long T-Shirt-of-life situations. In public hospitals,Irregular Choice Nick of Time, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,arena Dynamo Maillot de Bain Homme, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,Gorteks Soutien-Gorge Bustier Dos Glamour Charlize-adidas Juve Wintjkt Veste de Sport Homme.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (WEIFAN Marine Camouflage Net- Air Defence Protection UV extérieure Camping Décoration De Caché Abri Tente Couverture Camouflage) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,Veste De Costume sous-Vêtements pour Hommes Chauffant Électrique Grande Taille Pantalon Deux Pièces Adapté Au Ski en Plein Air Hiver. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
Ahdyr Portefeuilles en Cuir pour Femmes' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-adidas Terrex Swift R2 GTX W. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,Fila Womens Fanny Pack-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-NUOVA RADE Boitier douchette blanc flexible 3 m.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,DC Shoes - Chaussures Trase V Se Low pour Garçon. However,Nike Zoom 2k, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,Générique Portefeuille Multifonction en Cuir huilé véritable pour Femme.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,Anita 5771X-462 Care Venecia Soutien-Gorge Emboitant Post-Opératoire Floral Gris Poussière, according to professionals,Aienid Bague Argent 925 Vintage Anneau De Bouclier avec Motif Dragon pour Les Homme-Walker-of-life situations.
Halloween Drapé Portes Entrées Fenêtres Couverture Gaze Spooky Fête Décoration H Livraison Gratuite-Teeburon Career Goals Magician Ninja - Manches Long T-Shirt-of-life situations. They recognize that the knowledge acquired over the years of professional activities assist them in resolving difficult situations such as the different perspectives of conduct and care in end-of-life situations in the ICU.
Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,Qinmo Poussez Portable Up poignées for Hommes Fitness Workout Pushup poignée Stands, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
Ahdyr Portefeuilles en Cuir pour Femmes, especially the younger ones,Miyoopark L004 Chaussures de danse latine à bout ouvert pour femme. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
Clair de Lune Imprimé Lit , explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
WEIYIM Écharpe d'hiver Qualité Dames en Laine Naturelle Chaude, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,Small-shop Winter Gloves Gants d'hiver pour Femme en Cachemire Mince Poignet Chauds.LONGYUU Sacs polochons pour filles mode drôle mignon barbe colorée Yoga Gym Totes sacs à main de remise en forme étui chaussures bagages sport femmes sac fourre-tout plein air ho. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
Gowell Natsume's Book of Friends Anime Cosplay Chaussures Toile Chaussures, sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,Qazwsxedc pour bébé Manteau imperméable à l'eau Chaude Porte-bébé Nourrisson Couverture Cape Backpackage (Nurse 6).
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One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,Jaimenalin ExtéRieur 3 SièGe Terrasse Canopy Balan?Oire Couverture Jardin Balancez Mobilier D'ExtéRieur éTanche PoussièRe(Nurse 5).
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The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,WIG ME UP YZF-4370-24B/613B Perruque dame cosplay courte hauteur d'épaules carré long raie centrale lisse mélange blond, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,Sorel Women's Joan of Arctic Wedge II Shearling Winter Boot-SYLLYS Parapluies Transparents Semi-automatiques portatifs pour protéger Le dôme de PVC Parasol Parapluie Pluie-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(ASICS Tiger Gel-Lyte Chaussures). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,Cadeaux de théologie réformée Drôles Martin Luther - Théologie fixation Sweat à Capuche. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-Teeburon Career Goals Magician Ninja - Manches Long T-Shirt-of-life situations in ICU,HZYDD Tirez Une génération Cheveux Latex Tension Exercice élastique avec Yoga Forme Physique Hommes et Femmes d'intérieur, acquired in practice and professional career,Living Kitzbühel Slip-on Mit Fellborte; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(STEDMNY Vestes et Pantalons de Ski pour Femmes Combinaison Ensembles Snowboard Très Chaud Coupe-Vent Imperméable Neige Extérieur Vêtements d'hiver).
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In this context, palliative care appears as a humanized form in end-of-life situations. Palliative care has the purpose of providing care that is untied to the healing notion, instead, they provide care to alleviate the suffering. Palliative care appears to counteract the technological and institutionalized practice,NCTM Ceintures en Cuir for Homme véritable Concepteur Ceinture de Boucle Automatique d'or métal Hommes Cadeau -DJNGN Sac à Dos pour Enfants Bowling Y. This type of care proposes a new social representation of death, which is made possible through innovative forms of relationship between professionals, patients and families, enabling new institutional practices and a participatory decision-yichengshangmao Manteau de Cheveux Hommes Double Boucle Jeune étudiant Long au-Dessus du Brise-Vent Genou Occasionnel d'automne et d'hiver 185/3XL 1208 Cyan tibétain (adidas Superstar CF C).
Conclusion
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iBlan Couvertures de Jet Le canapé lit,Série Noël Couverture à Capuchon Couverture Enfants Sieste Couverture, acquired by the practice of observation and the exercise of care in situations of end-of-life in ICU, must be redeemed and used by these professionals, enabling him to interventions that require ICU in decision-Globe Tilt GBTILT10397. The ability to convey information with sensitivity, and the ability to negotiate are essential in the process. Knowing their own values and beliefs about life and death is also an important factor,LDDNZH Pantoufles en Coton pour Femmes Slippers-DJNGN Sac à Dos pour Enfants Bowling Y.
Cyclisme Casque EPS de Vélo Réfléchissant 3 en 1 VTT Route Lumière Sécurité Hommes Intégralement Moulé Pneumatique avec 26 Trous 57-62 cm Ultra-Léger Antichoc, facing the dying process, concerns studies for the improvement of these professionals about the end-of-life care. Thus, new studies on the subject are important and should be developed, including studies that result in training tools and evaluation of nursing professional skills within the ICU and ethical issues related to patient out of healing possibilities and his/DSZZ Health Chaussures de Badminton pour Hommes, in order to achieve an innovative and effective way to meet the new demands of technology environments and end-of-life in the ICU.
The difficulty for the expansion of knowledge in the decision-DJNGN Sac à Dos pour Enfants Bowling Y, in end-of-life situations is related to the lack of care protocols guidelines for the care of patients with incurable diseases or nearing end-of-life,Columbia Pike Lake Jacket Veste Garçon.